Пьющая жертва — мягкий приговор? Злоупотребление жертвой алкоголем как фактор строгости приговоров за убийство женщин

   Настоящее исследование посвящено анализу связи между злоупотреблением алкоголем со стороны жертвы и дальнейшим приговором в делах об убийстве женщины ее партнером в России (с акцентом на различия между судьями-женщинами и судьями-мужчинами). Эмпирическая база составила 1 478 текстов судебных приговоров по статьям об убийстве (2013–2019 гг.), собранных методом веб-скрейпинга с официальных государственных агрегаторов и обработанных посредством методов интеллектуального анализа текстов. С помощью регрессионного анализа показано, что в случаях, когда жертва убийства злоупотребляла алкоголем, партнеру выносится в среднем более мягкий приговор, особенно если дело рассматривает женщина-судья. Этот эффект сохраняется после учета юридически значимых факторов — наличия смягчающих и отягчающих обстоятельств, рецидива и признания вины — и по силе сопоставим с этими факторами. Показано, что более мягкий приговор обусловлен именно самим фактом злоупотребления алкоголем, а не последующим провокационным поведением жертвы. Полученные результаты противоречат распространенным представлениям о большей склонности мужчин обвинять женщин-жертв. Напротив, в российской судебной практике женщины-судьи чаще проявляют снисходительность к обвиняемым мужчинам, если жертва нарушала традиционные гендерные нормы поведения. Авторы интерпретируют обнаруженный эффект через призму теории справедливого мира и гендерных установок, подчеркивая, что судебные решения отражают не только правовые, но и культурные представления о допустимых ролях женщин. Исследование демонстрирует потенциал автоматизированного анализа текстов приговоров как инструмента изучения уклонов (bias) в российской судебной практике.

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