«Вавилонская башня»: теоретический обзор детерминант обыденных представлений о межличностном насилии

Несмотря на широкую распространенность и возрастающую  популярность, понятие  насилия  остается  неоднозначным и спорным как в повседневном обиходе, так и в академическом дискурсе. Эта статья посвящена межличностному насилию и призвана выявить ключевые факторы, влияющие на то, что люди будут определять как насилие. На основе систематического теоретического обзора существующих эмпирических исследований в данной работе показано, как люди воспринимают и классифицируют насильственные действия в зависимости от характеристики оцениваемой ситуации конфликтного взаимодействия. Продемонстрировано, что индивидуальные характеристики оценивающих оказывают   меньшее   влияние на обыденные оценки, чем факторы, описывающие оцениваемую ситуацию. Среди этих ситуативных факторов важнейшую роль играет восприятие намерения агента насилия: преднамеренные действия, направленные на причинение вреда, с большей вероятностью классифицируются как насильственные по сравнению с непреднамеренными. Еще одним важным фактором оказывается тип насилия и ассоциированный с ним вред: серьезное по сравнению с психологическим. Кроме того, на обыденное восприятие насилия влияет наличие оправдывающих действие оснований и моральная оценка поступка. В обыденном восприятии наличие оснований, нормализующих действие, снижает готовность расценивать происходящее как насилие. Более того, обыденная оценка насильственности действия оказывается тесно связана с его обыденной моральной оценкой. В исследовании освещаются различия между обыденными и научными концептуализациями насилия. Показано, что обыденные представления о насилии не менее многогранны, чем научные, но при этом более устойчивы.

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