Микроанализ невербальных аспектов коммуникации (из интеллектуальной истории мультимодального анализа)

В статье рассмотрены некоторые интеллектуальные истоки современного мультимодального анализа. Предыстория микроанализа социального взаимодействия включает семиотику невербальной коммуникации и антропологическое изучение паттернов экспрессивного и коммуникативного поведения. Это было впервые реализовано Грегори Бейтсоном и Маргарет Мид в новаторских исследованиях Балийского характера. Бейтсоновский подход к взаимодействию находился под влиянием кибернетических идей и опирался на понятие обратной связи, что привело к достижениям в области теоретического понимания коммуникации и, в частности, в изучении взаимодействия в семье в психиатрической перспективе. Междисциплинарный исследовательский проект, получивший название «Естественная история одного интервью», стал первым примером широкого междисциплинарного сотрудничества с участием антропологов, лингвистов и психиатров. Это привело к подробному анализу снятого на пленку фрагмента взаимодействия, где были сопоставлены данные о разговоре, параязыке и языке тела (кинесика). Выводы этого проекта, как и других попыток кинесического микроанализа, скорее позволили задать дополнительные вопросы о цели исследования и адекватности используемых методов, чем принесли существенные содержательные результаты. Однако вклад кинесики и, в более широком смысле, семиотики невербальной коммуникации сыграл важную роль во включении данных о внимании участников, отслеживаемом как направление взгляда, в анализ коммуникативного взаимодействия, как это было реализовано в работах Чарльза Гудвина.

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