Психологические факторы отношения к войне: теоретический обзор

Люди демонстрируют разное отношение к военным действиям как способу разрешения международных конфликтов. В этой статье мы рассматриваем специфику психологического подхода к изучению этого отношения: (а) уровни отношения к войне (отношение к конкретным военным кампаниям vs общее отношение к войне как к способу разрешения международных конфликтов); (б) психологические (индивидуально-психологические, социально-психологические, ситуативные) факторы, предсказывающие это отношение; (в) ограничения проведенных исследований и направления дальнейшего изучения. Основное внимание мы уделим трем социально-психологическим факторам, предсказывающим отношение к военным действиям на территории других государств: социальной идентичности (общечеловеческой vs национальной идентичности, позитивной национальной идентичности vs национальному нарциссизму), отношению к власти (правому авторитаризму, отношению к действующей политической системе) и воспринимаемой угрозе от стран-противников. Мы покажем, что общечеловеческая идентичность негативно связана с отношением к военным кампаниям. В то же время национальная идентичность (особенно национальный нарциссизм), отношение к власти (прежде всего правый авторитаризм) и воспринимаемая межгрупповая угроза — позитивно связаны с отношением к войне. В данном обзоре будут раcсмотрены результаты, полученные в разных странах, прежде всего, в США, некоторых европейских государствах и России.

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