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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">socofpower</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Социология власти</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Sociology of Power</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2074-0492</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2413-144X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22394/2074-0492-2024-2-97-112</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">socofpower-69</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Общественный договор — жертвоприношение? Жорж Батай и критика «Левиафана»</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Is the Social Contract a Sacrifice? Georges Bataille and the Critique of Leviathan</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4140-0201</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Голубева</surname><given-names>А. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Golubeva </surname><given-names>A. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Голубева Анастасия Павловна — независимая исследовательница, магистр политической философии</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anastasia P. Golubeva  — independent researcher, MA in Political Philosophy</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">greenlightoff@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Московская высшая школа социальных и экономических наук (МВШСЭН), Манчестерский университет<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Moscow School of Social and Economic Sciences (MSSES), University of Manchester<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>01</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>36</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>97</fpage><lpage>112</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Голубева А.П., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Голубева А.П.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Golubeva  A.P.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://socofpower.ranepa.ru/jour/article/view/69">https://socofpower.ranepa.ru/jour/article/view/69</self-uri><abstract><p>В статье рассматривается критика теории общественного договора в «Левиафане» Томаса Гоббса через призму понятия жертвоприношения Жоржа Батая. Бабай и Гоббс имеют несколько общих ключевых мотивов, таких как смерть, насилие и суверенитет, но трактуют их по-разному. Гоббс рационализирует их, вводя концепцию общественного договора, где люди отказываются от свободы ради безопасности. Для него государство играет роль средства защиты жизни через рациональное подчинение общественному договору. Батай, напротив, акцентирует внимание на роли иррационального и сакрального и рассматривает их как способ освобождения от страха смерти, вещественного мира и господства. Жертвоприношение для Бабая играет центральную роль как инструмент прикосновения к сакральному, так и объединения людей в сообщество через общее переживание потери и общую жертву. Однако он сожалеет о том, что со временем для людей жертвоприношение стало иметь утилитарное значение и потеряло свою истинную ценность как акт безвозмездной отдачи ради утверждения «плодородия жизни». Таким образом, общественный договор Гоббса можно представить в базовом понимании жертвоприношения как жертву какого-либо блага ради обмена на другое благо — обмен права на свободу на защиту от суверена. И для Гоббса, и для Батая страх смерти является причиной, по которой люди отказываются от своей свободы и вводят запреты. Но Батай в отличие от Гоббса предлагает выстраивать общество не на страхе смерти, а на преодолении этого страха и суверенном отказе — то есть отказе и от своей свободы, и от передачи ее кому-либо. Таким образом, прочтение «Левиафана» через логику Батая помогает развенчать образ суверена как «смертного бога» и всемогущего защитника.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This article examines the critique of social contract theory in Thomas Hobbes’ Leviathan through the lens of Georges Bataille’s notion of sacrifice. Bataille and Hobbes share several key motifs, including death, violence and sovereignty. However, they interpret these motifs in different ways. Hobbes rationalises these concepts by introducing the concept of the social contract, whereby individuals relinquish their freedom in exchange for security. For him, the state is a means of protecting people’s lives through rational submission to the social contract. In contrast, Bataille emphasises the role of the irrational and the sacred, viewing them as a means of liberation from the fear of death, the material world and domination. Sacrifice plays a pivotal role in Bataille’s philosophy, serving as a conduit to the sacred and a unifying force within communities through shared experiences of loss and sacrifice. Nevertheless, he acknowledges that over time, the significance of sacrifice has increased in terms of utilitarian value, while its intrinsic value as an act of gratuitous giving for the sake of affirming the “fertility of life” has diminished. Hobbes’s social contract can be presented in basic terms as the sacrifice of a good for the sake of exchanging it for another good. This is exemplified by the exchange of the right to liberty for protection from the sovereign. For both Hobbes and Bataille, the fear of death is the rationale behind the relinquishment of freedom and the introduction of prohibitions. But Bataille, unlike Hobbes, proposes to build society not on the fear of death, but on overcoming this fear and sovereign rejection — the rejection of both one’s freedom and the transfer of it to someone else. Thus, reading Leviathan through Bataille’s logic helps to debunk the image of the sovereign as a mortal god and omnipotent protector.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>общественный договор</kwd><kwd>жертвоприношение</kwd><kwd>«Левиафан»</kwd><kwd>суверенитет</kwd><kwd>Томас Гоббс</kwd><kwd>Жорж Батай</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>social contract</kwd><kwd>sacrifice</kwd><kwd>Leviathan</kwd><kwd>sovereignty</kwd><kwd>Thomas Hobbes</kwd><kwd>Georges Bataille</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Батай Ж. (2002) Гегель, смерть и жертвоприношение. Философ-вне-себя. Жорж Батай. СПб.: Изд-во Олега Абышко.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bataille J. (2002) Hegel, Death and Sacrifice. Philosopher-beside himself. 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