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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">socofpower</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Социология власти</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Sociology of Power</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2074-0492</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2413-144X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22394/2074-0492-2022-2-162-180</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">socofpower-56</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПЕРЕВОДЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>TRANSLATIONS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Эрик Фёгелин — критик «гностического» социализма Карла Маркса</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Eric Voegelin — Critic of “Gnostic Socialism” of Karl Marx</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7476-0983</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дмитриев</surname><given-names>Т. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dmitriev</surname><given-names>T. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Тимофей Александрович Дмитриев, кандидат философских наук, доцент</p><p>факультет гуманитарных наук</p><p>Москва</p><p>Научные интересы: история политической философии Запада Нового и Новейшего времени, историческая социология модерна, культурно-историческая антропология</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Timofey A. Dmitriev, Associate Professor</p><p>Faculty of Humanities</p><p>Moscow</p><p>Research interests: history of Western modern and contemporary political thought, historical sociology of modernity, cultural and historical anthropology</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">tdmitriev@hse.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики»<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">HSE University<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>01</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>34</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>162</fpage><lpage>180</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Дмитриев Т.А., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Дмитриев Т.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Dmitriev T.A.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://socofpower.ranepa.ru/jour/article/view/56">https://socofpower.ranepa.ru/jour/article/view/56</self-uri><abstract><p>   Статья посвящена критике революционной идеи в марксизме Карла Маркса крупным политическим мыслителем XX века Эриком Фёгелином (1901–1985). В статье показано, что критика Фёгелином марксистской доктрины складывается из нескольких последовательно сменяющих друг друга этапов. В своих работах конца 1930-х годов он развивает идею о марксизме и выросшем на его идейной основе коммунизме как об одной из главных «политических религий» XX века. В 1940-е годы, когда Фёгелин живет в эмиграции в США, он продолжает критику марксизма Маркса, но уже на новой теоретической основе, в центре которой стоит понятие «гностицизма» как сущности западного модерна. Начиная с 1950-х, интерес Фёгелина к марксизму Маркса постепенно сходит на нет, а сама марксистская доктрина упоминается в его работах, написанных в последние десятилетия жизни, скорее как пример одного из вариантов «гностицизма» XX века в политике. В качестве теоретического горизонта критики Фёгелиным марксистской революционной идеи представлена краткая реконструкция основных положений его политической теории как опытной и критической науки о правильном порядке души и общества. Подробно анализируется также тезис Фёгелина о том, что подъем «гностицизма» составляет сущность модерна, поскольку он служит центральным пунктом предложенной им интерпретации современной интеллектуальной истории. В статье показано, что духовной основой, на которой происходило развитие марксистской революционной идеи, был бунт молодого Маркса против Бога и его стремление устранить высшее, трансцендентное и творческое божественное начало из картины мира современного человека. Итоговый вывод Фёгелина, предложенный им в рамках критики марксистской революционной идеи, заключается в том, что политический успех марксизма в XX веке рассматривается им как один из наиболее значимых моментов духовного упадка западной цивилизации.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>   The article is devoted to the criticism of the revolutionary ideas of Karl Marx by the great political thinker of the 20th century, Eric Voegelin (1901-1985). The article shows that Voegelin’s criticism of the Marxist doctrine consists of several successive stages. In his works of the late 1930s, he develops the idea of Marxism and communism, which grew up on its ideological basis, as one of the main “political religions” of the XX century. In the 1940s, when Voegelin was living in exile in the United States, he continued to criticize the Marxism of Marx, but on a new theoretical basis, at the center of which was the concept of “gnosticism” as the essence of Western modernity. Since the 1950s, Voegelin’s interest in the Marxism of Marx gradually faded away, and the Marxist doctrine itself is mostly mentioned as an example of one of the variants of “gnosticism” of the 20th-century politics. As a theoretical horizon of Voegelin’s criticism of the Marxian revolutionary idea, a brief reconstruction of the main propositions of his political theory as an experimental and critical science of the correct order of the soul and society is presented. Voegelin’s thesis that the rise of “gnosticism” is the essence of Western modernity is also analyzed in detail, since it serves as the central point of his interpretation of modern intellectual history. The article shows that the spiritual basis on which the development of the Marxian revolutionary idea took place was the revolt of the young Marx against God and his desire to eliminate the higher, transcendent and creative divine principle from the picture of the world of modern man. Voegelin's final conclusion, proposed by him in the framework of criticism of the Marxian revolutionary idea, is that the political success of Marxism in the XX century is one of the most significant symptoms of the spiritual decline of Western civilization.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>модерн</kwd><kwd>политическая теория</kwd><kwd>политические религии</kwd><kwd>марксова революционная идея</kwd><kwd>гностицизм</kwd><kwd>гностическая революция</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Western modernity</kwd><kwd>political theory</kwd><kwd>political religions</kwd><kwd>Marxian revolutionary idea</kwd><kwd>gnosticism</kwd><kwd>Gnostic revolution</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Булгаков С. Н. (1990 [1906]) Карл Маркс как религиозный тип. C. Н. Булгаков. 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