<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">socofpower</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Социология власти</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Sociology of Power</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2074-0492</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2413-144X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">PSAIKN</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">socofpower-395</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Конвивиальные или манипулятивные инструменты? LLMs в российском высшем образовании (кейс Школы перспективных исследований)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Convivial or Manipulative Tools? LLMs in Russian Higher Education  (The Case of the School of Advanced  Studies)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1989-1152</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шиповалова</surname><given-names>Л. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shipovalova</surname><given-names>L. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шиповалова Лада Владимировна — доктор философских наук, профессор Центра практической философии «Стасис»</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Lada Shipovalova — Doctor of Philosophical Sciences, Professor of Stasis Center for Practical Philosophy</p><p>St.Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lshipovalova@eu.spb.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0497-0018</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Филатова</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Filatova</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Филатова Ася Алексеевна — кандидат философских наук, старший научный сотрудник Центра прикладных лингвистических исследований и тестирования «ИСТОК»</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Filatova Asya — Candidate of Philosophical Sciences, Senior Researcher of the Center of Applied Linguistics Research and Testing “ISTOK”</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">filatova.aa@mipt.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Европейский университет в Санкт-Петербурге<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">European University at St.Petersburg<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">Московский физико-технический институт<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>25</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>38</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>224</fpage><lpage>243</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Шиповалова Л.В., Филатова А.А., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Шиповалова Л.В., Филатова А.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shipovalova L.V., Filatova A.A.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://socofpower.ranepa.ru/jour/article/view/395">https://socofpower.ranepa.ru/jour/article/view/395</self-uri><abstract><p>В статье анализируется опыт внедрения чат-ботов на основе больших языковых моделей в образовательную практику российского высшего образования через призму критической теории и идеологий учебных программ. Опираясь на концепцию «конвивиальных инструментов» Ивана Иллича и различие между инструментальной и коммуникативной рациональностью Юргена Хабермаса, авторы рассматривают LLM как технологию, способную действовать либо в манипулятивной логике (усиление иерархий, технократической рациональности и доминирования), либо в конвивиальной (способствование автономии, коллективному мышлению и коммуникативному действию). Способ внедрения и функционирования технологий во многом зависит от того, какая «идеология» лежит в основе учебной программы, построена ли она на вертикальных принципах производства и трансляции знания (академическая идеология) или на идеях педагогического конструктивизма и личностного самопознания (студентоцентричная идеология). Эмпирическая часть исследования основана на опыте Школы перспективных исследований (SAS) Тюменского государственного университета. Анализируются результаты 20 полуструктурированных интервью со студентами 2–4 курсов, участвовавшими в экспериментальных программах с использованием «ИИ персон», замещавших часть функций преподавателей. Курсы предполагали переход к интерактивным форматам обучения и введение роли медиатора («невежественного учителя»). Результаты показывают, что принудительное и инструменталистское использование чат-ботов воспринимается студентами как манипуляция, вызывает сопротивление, чувство дегуманизации, снижение мотивации и разочарование в утрате живого общения. Напротив, добровольное и рефлексивное применение LLMs раскрывает их потенциал как конвивиальных инструментов, способствующих совместному производству знания и эпистемической самостоятельности. В заключении авторы формулируют условия, при которых LLM могут стать подлинными инструментами конвивиальности в университетском образовании: добровольность использования, прозрачность конструкции, отказ от тотальной инструментализации, включение в коммуникативные практики.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This article examines the integration of large language model based chatbots into educational practices in Russian higher education through the lens of critical theory and curriculum ideologies. Drawing on Ivan Illich’s concept of convivial tools and Jürgen Habermas’s distinction between instrumental and communicative rationality, the authors conceptualize large language models as technologies capable of operating either within a manipulative logic, reinforcing hierarchies, technocratic rationality, and domination, or within a convivial logic, fostering autonomy, collective reasoning, and communicative action. The mode of implementation and functioning of these technologies largely depends on the underlying curriculum ideology, whether it is grounded in hierarchical principles of knowledge production and transmission (Scholar Academic ideology) or in pedagogical constructivism and individual self-actualization (Learner Centered ideology). The empirical component is based on the experience of the School of Advanced Studies at the University of Tyumen. The analysis draws on thematic examination of 20 semi structured interviews with second to fourth year students who participated in experimental courses featuring AI personas designed to substitute for certain instructor functions.</p><p>These courses involved a shift toward interactive learning formats and the introduction of a mediator role inspired by the notion of the ignorant schoolmaster. The findings indicate that compulsory and instrumentalist deployment of chatbots is perceived by students as manipulative. It elicits resistance, feelings of dehumanization, diminished motivation, and disappointment over the loss of direct human interaction. In contrast, voluntary and reflexive uses of large language models unlock their potential as convivial tools, enabling the co-production of knowledge and enhancing epistemic agency. In conclusion, the authors outline the conditions under which large language models can function as genuine tools of conviviality in university education: voluntary adoption, transparency in design and operation, rejection of total instrumentalization, and embedding within genuinely communicative practices that respect participants’ autonomy and foster negotiated, collective meaning-making.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>большие языковые модели</kwd><kwd>высшее образование</kwd><kwd>идеологии учебных программ</kwd><kwd>инструментальная рациональность</kwd><kwd>коммуникативная рациональность</kwd><kwd>конвивиальные инструменты</kwd><kwd>манипулятивные инструменты</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>large language models</kwd><kwd>higher education</kwd><kwd>curriculum ideologies</kwd><kwd>instrumental rationality</kwd><kwd>communicative rationality</kwd><kwd>tools for conviviality</kwd><kwd>manipulative tools</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="ru"><funding-statement>Asya A. Filatova acknowledges the support of this research by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation under agreement No. 075-03-2026-305 (January 16, 2026), associated with project “Applied Research on the Implementation of Artificial Intelligence Technologies in Higher Education” (project code: FSMG-2025-0086).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bearman M., Ryan J., &amp; Ajjawi R. (2023). Discourses of artificial intelligence in higher education: a critical literature review. Higher Education, 86(2), pp. 369–385. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-022-00937-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bearman M., Ryan J., &amp; Ajjawi R. (2023). Discourses of artificial intelligence in higher education: a critical literature review. Higher Education, 86(2), pp. 369–385. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-022-00937-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Beinsteiner A. (2020). Conviviality, the internet, and AI. Ivan Illich, Bernard Stiegler, and the question concerning information-technological self-limitation. Open Cultural Studies, 4(1), pp. 131–142. https://doi.org/10.1515/culture-2020-0013</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Beinsteiner A. (2020). Conviviality, the internet, and AI. Ivan Illich, Bernard Stiegler, and the question concerning information-technological self-limitation. Open Cultural Studies, 4(1), pp. 131–142. https://doi.org/10.1515/culture-2020-0013</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Biesta G. (1998). Pedagogy without humanism: Foucault and the subject of education. Interchange, 29(1), pp. 1–16.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Biesta G. (1998). Pedagogy without humanism: Foucault and the subject of education. Interchange, 29(1), pp. 1–16.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Compagnucci L., &amp; Spigarelli F. (2020). The Third Mission of the university: A systematic literature review on potentials and constraints. Technological Forecasting and 241 Social Change, 161, p. 120284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120284.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Compagnucci L., &amp; Spigarelli F. (2020). The Third Mission of the university: A systematic literature review on potentials and constraints. Technological Forecasting and 241 Social Change, 161, p. 120284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120284.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dyson M. (2007). My Story in a Profession of Stories: Auto Ethnography — an Empowering Methodology for Educators. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 32(1), pp. 36-48. https://doi.org/10.14221/ajte.2007v32n1.3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dyson M. (2007). My Story in a Profession of Stories: Auto Ethnography — an Empowering Methodology for Educators. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 32(1), pp. 36-48. https://doi.org/10.14221/ajte.2007v32n1.3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Floridi L. (2018). Semantic Capital: Its Nature, Value, and Curation. Philosophy &amp; Technology, 31, pp. 481-497. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-018-0335-1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Floridi L. (2018). Semantic Capital: Its Nature, Value, and Curation. Philosophy &amp; Technology, 31, pp. 481-497. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-018-0335-1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fowler D. S. (2023). AI in Higher Education. Journal of Ethics in Higher Education, 3, pp. 127-143. https://doi.org/10.26034/fr.jehe.2023.4657.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fowler D. S. (2023). AI in Higher Education. Journal of Ethics in Higher Education, 3, pp. 127-143. https://doi.org/10.26034/fr.jehe.2023.4657.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Freire P. (2005). Pedagogy of the oppressed. 30th anniversary ed. New York: The Continuum International Publishing Group.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Freire P. (2005). Pedagogy of the oppressed. 30th anniversary ed. New York: The Continuum International Publishing Group.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Habermas J. (1986). Technology and Science as “Ideology”. In Toward a Rational Society: Student Protest, Science, and Politics. Cambridge: Polity. pp. 81-122.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Habermas J. (1986). Technology and Science as “Ideology”. In Toward a Rational Society: Student Protest, Science, and Politics. Cambridge: Polity. pp. 81-122.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hsu H. (2025). What happens after A. I. destroys college writing? The demise of the English paper will end a long intellectual tradition, but it’s also an opportunity to reexamine the purpose of higher education. The New Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/culture/cultural-comment/what-happens-after-ai-destroys-college-writing Accessed 15 December 2025.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hsu H. (2025). What happens after A. I. destroys college writing? The demise of the English paper will end a long intellectual tradition, but it’s also an opportunity to reexamine the purpose of higher education. The New Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/culture/cultural-comment/what-happens-after-ai-destroys-college-writing Accessed 15 December 2025.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Illich I. (1971). Deschooling society. New York: Harper &amp; Row.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Illich I. (1971). Deschooling society. New York: Harper &amp; Row.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Illich I. (1973). Tools for conviviality. Glasgow: Calder &amp; Boyars.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Illich I. (1973). Tools for conviviality. Glasgow: Calder &amp; Boyars.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Illich I. (1977). Disabling professions. London: Marion Boyars.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Illich I. (1977). Disabling professions. London: Marion Boyars.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kahn R., &amp; Kellner D. (2007). Paulo Freire and Ivan Illich: technology, politics and the reconstruction of education. Policy Futures in Education, 5(4). https://doi.org/10.2304/pfie.2007.5.4.431</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kahn R., &amp; Kellner D. (2007). Paulo Freire and Ivan Illich: technology, politics and the reconstruction of education. Policy Futures in Education, 5(4). https://doi.org/10.2304/pfie.2007.5.4.431</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kirschner P. A., Sweller J., &amp; Clark R. E. (2006). Why Minimal Guidance During Instruction Does Not Work: An Analysis of the Failure of Constructivist, Discovery, Problem-Based, Experiential, and Inquiry-Based Teaching. Educational Psychologist, 41(2), pp.75–86.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kirschner P. A., Sweller J., &amp; Clark R. E. (2006). Why Minimal Guidance During Instruction Does Not Work: An Analysis of the Failure of Constructivist, Discovery, Problem-Based, Experiential, and Inquiry-Based Teaching. Educational Psychologist, 41(2), pp.75–86.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Knox J. (2019). What Does the ‘Postdigital’ Mean for Education? Three Critical Perspectives on the Digital, with Implications for Educational Research and Practice. Postdigital Science and Education, 1, pp. 357–370. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42438-019-00045-y</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Knox J. (2019). What Does the ‘Postdigital’ Mean for Education? Three Critical Perspectives on the Digital, with Implications for Educational Research and Practice. Postdigital Science and Education, 1, pp. 357–370. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42438-019-00045-y</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lee S. J., &amp; Branch R. M. (2022). Students’ Reactions to a Student-Centered Learning Environment in Relation to Their Beliefs about Teaching and Learning. International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, 33(3), pp. 298-305.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lee S. J., &amp; Branch R. M. (2022). Students’ Reactions to a Student-Centered Learning Environment in Relation to Their Beliefs about Teaching and Learning. International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, 33(3), pp. 298-305.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lindsay J., &amp; Jacka L. (2024). The Footsteps on the Sands of AI for Higher Education: Moving Beyond Ad-Hoc. Journal of Ethics in Higher Education, 5, pp. 51–77. https://doi.org/10.26034/fr.jehe.2024.6863</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lindsay J., &amp; Jacka L. (2024). The Footsteps on the Sands of AI for Higher Education: Moving Beyond Ad-Hoc. Journal of Ethics in Higher Education, 5, pp. 51–77. https://doi.org/10.26034/fr.jehe.2024.6863</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pandey Ch. Sh., Patanjali M., Pandey Sh., et al. (2025). Epistemic trust in generative AI for higher education scale (ETGAI-HE scale). AI &amp; Society. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-025-02566-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pandey Ch. Sh., Patanjali M., Pandey Sh., et al. (2025). Epistemic trust in generative AI for higher education scale (ETGAI-HE scale). AI &amp; Society. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-025-02566-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Poole M. S., &amp; DeSanctis G. (1990). Understanding the use of Group Decision Support Systems: The Theory of Adaptive Structuration. In Organizations and Communication Technology, edited by Janet Fulk and Charles Steinfield, Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications. pp. 173–193. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483325385.n8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Poole M. S., &amp; DeSanctis G. (1990). Understanding the use of Group Decision Support Systems: The Theory of Adaptive Structuration. In Organizations and Communication Technology, edited by Janet Fulk and Charles Steinfield, Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications. pp. 173–193. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483325385.n8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Qutieshat A. (2025). Artificial Intelligence in Higher Education: A Contemporary Examination of Illich’s Theories. Singapore: Springer.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Qutieshat A. (2025). Artificial Intelligence in Higher Education: A Contemporary Examination of Illich’s Theories. Singapore: Springer.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rancière J. (1991). The ignorant schoolmaster: Five lessons in intellectual emancipation (K. Ross, Trans.). Stanford University Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rancière J. (1991). The ignorant schoolmaster: Five lessons in intellectual emancipation (K. Ross, Trans.). Stanford University Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schiro M. (2013). Curriculum Theory: Conflicting Visions and Enduring Concerns. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schiro M. (2013). Curriculum Theory: Conflicting Visions and Enduring Concerns. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sembey R., Hoda R, &amp; Grundy J. (2024). Emerging technologies in higher education assessment and feedback practices: A systematic literature review. Journal of Systems and Software, 211, p. 111988. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2024.111988.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sembey R., Hoda R, &amp; Grundy J. (2024). Emerging technologies in higher education assessment and feedback practices: A systematic literature review. Journal of Systems and Software, 211, p. 111988. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2024.111988.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Starr L. J. (2010). The Use of Autoethnography in Educational Research: Locating Who We Are in What We Do. Canadian Journal for New Scholars in Education, 3(1).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Starr L. J. (2010). The Use of Autoethnography in Educational Research: Locating Who We Are in What We Do. Canadian Journal for New Scholars in Education, 3(1).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tharayil S., Borrego M., Prince M., et al. (2018). Strategies to mitigate student resistance to active learning. International Journal of STEM Education, 5, p. 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40594-018-0102-y</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tharayil S., Borrego M., Prince M., et al. (2018). Strategies to mitigate student resistance to active learning. International Journal of STEM Education, 5, p. 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40594-018-0102-y</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tilak Sh., &amp; Glassman M. (2020). Alternative lifeworlds on the Internet: Habermas and democratic distance education. Distance Education, 41(3), pp. 326-344. https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2020.1763782</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tilak Sh., &amp; Glassman M. (2020). Alternative lifeworlds on the Internet: Habermas and democratic distance education. Distance Education, 41(3), pp. 326-344. https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2020.1763782</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">T-университеты (трансформирующиеся университеты). (2019). СКОЛКОВО. https://www.skolkovo.ru/public/media/documents/research/sedec/SKOLKOVO_S. (Дата обращения: 10.12.2025)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">T-universitety (transformiruyushchiesya universitety). (2019). Skolkovo. https://www.skolkovo.ru/public/media/documents/research/sedec/SKOLKOVO_S... Accessed 10 December 2025. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
