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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">socofpower</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Социология власти</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Sociology of Power</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2074-0492</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2413-144X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22394/2074-0492-2022-2-19-43</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">socofpower-31</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Интеллектуалы в поисках спасения: идеологические виртуозы XX века в историко-социологической перспективе</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Intellectuals in Search of Salvation: Ideological Virtuosi of the XX Century — A Historical and Sociological Perspective</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7476-0983</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дмитриев</surname><given-names>Т. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dmitriev</surname><given-names>T. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Тимофей Александрович Дмитриев, кандидат философских наук, доцент</p><p>факультет гуманитарных наук</p><p>Москва</p><p>Научные интересы: история политической философии Запада Нового и Новейшего времени, историческая социология модерна, культурно-историческая антропология</p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Timofey A. Dmitriev, Associate Professor</p><p>Faculty of Humanities</p><p>Moscow</p><p>Research interests: history of Western modern and contemporary political thought, historical sociology of modernity, cultural and historical anthropology</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">tdmitriev@hse.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики»<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">HSE University<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day><month>01</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>34</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>19</fpage><lpage>43</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Дмитриев Т.А., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Дмитриев Т.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Dmitriev T.A.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://socofpower.ranepa.ru/jour/article/view/31">https://socofpower.ranepa.ru/jour/article/view/31</self-uri><abstract><p>   Статья посвящена проблеме изучения деятельности идеологических и революционных виртуозов XX века средствами исторической социологии модерна. В ней предпринимается попытка как выявить основные тенденции участия интеллектуально активных слоев современных обществ в революционных преобразованиях социальной действительности, так и прояснить причины, толкавшие их на это. Идеологической подоплекой подобных форм общественно-политического радикализма служили символические средства оспаривания прежней и конструирования новой социальной действительности в виде светских идеологий различного типа (социализм, коммунизм, анархо-синдикализм, фашизм, национал-социализм и т. д.). В роли проводников идейного послания этих светских религий спасения в массы обычно выступали радикально настроенные интеллектуалы и учащаяся молодежь, для которых поклонение новым кумирам и символам веры становилось истинным смыслом жизни и борьбы. В статье развивается тезис, что в XX веке именно интеллектуалы выступали в роли главных создателей и операторов коллективных религий спасения и общностей, создаваемых на их основе. Они не только пытались спастись сами, но и претендовали на легитимную монополию определения того, кто будет спасен, а кто нет. Действуя подобным образом, радикально настроенные интеллектуалы выступали в роли как создателей новой нормы, так и проводников политики нормирования и рационализации по отношению к массам. Поэтому в статье особое внимание уделяется характеристике создателей и социальных носителей радикальных идеологических воззрений и основанных на них картин мира, а также преломлению этих утопических видений в общественно-политической практике прошлого века. В заключение выдвигается предположение, что историческая социология Макса Вебера и символическая теория «священного» Эмиля Дюркгейма, дополненные современными разработками в области политической социологии и социально-исторической антропологии, способны послужить релевантной системой теоретических координат для изучения истории идеологических и революционных виртуозов XX века и их поисков спасения.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>   The article is devoted to the problem of studying the activities of revolutionary and ideological virtuosi of the XX century by means of the historical sociology of modernity. It attempts both to identify the main trends in the participation of intellectually active strata of modern societies in the radical transformation of social reality, and to clarify the reasons that pushed them to do so. It is noted that the ideological background of such forms of socio-political radicalism were the symbolic means of challenging the old forms of social reality and constructing new forms through secular ideologies of various types (socialism, communism, anarcho-syndicalism, fascism, national socialism, etc.). The role of conductors of the ideological message of these secular religions of salvation to the masses was usually performed by radical-minded intellectuals and students, for whom the worship of new idols and symbols of faith became the true meaning of life and struggle. In the XX century, it was the intellectuals who acted as the main creators and operators of collective salvation religions, and the social communities created on their basis. Moreover, they not only tried to save themselves with their help, but at the same time laid claim to the legitimate monopoly of determining who would be saved, and who would not. Thus, radical intellectuals acted as both the creators of the new norm and as agents of the policy of rationalization. The article pays special attention to the characteristics of the creators and social carriers of radical ideological views — and the worldviews based on them — as well as the refraction of these utopian visions in the socio-political practice of the last century. In conclusion, it is suggested that Max Weber’s historical sociology and Emile Durkheim’s symbolic theory of the “sacred”, supplemented by modern developments in the field of political sociology and socio-historical anthropology, can serve as a relevant system of theoretical coordinates for the study of ideological and revolutionary virtuosi of the XX century.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>идеологические и революционные виртуозы XX века</kwd><kwd>спасение посредством общества</kwd><kwd>светские и политические религии</kwd><kwd>абстрактные идеологические системы</kwd><kwd>интеллектуалы</kwd><kwd>общественно-политический радикализм</kwd><kwd>интеллектуализация и рационализация мира</kwd><kwd>историческая социология модерна</kwd><kwd>Макс Вебер</kwd><kwd>Эрик Фёгелин</kwd><kwd>Раймон Арон</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>ideological and revolutionary virtuosi of the XX century</kwd><kwd>salvation through society</kwd><kwd>secular and political religions</kwd><kwd>abstract ideological systems</kwd><kwd>intellectuals</kwd><kwd>socio-political radicalism</kwd><kwd>intellectualization and rationalization of the world</kwd><kwd>historical sociology of modernity</kwd><kwd>Max Weber</kwd><kwd>Emile Durkheim</kwd><kwd>Eric Voegelin</kwd><kwd>Raymond Aron</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Арендт Х. 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