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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">socofpower</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Социология власти</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Sociology of Power</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2074-0492</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2413-144X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">FVGUYG</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">socofpower-276</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СТАТЬИ. НЕОПРЕДЕЛЕННОСТЬ (В) СОЦИОЛОГИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ARTICLES. UNCERTAINTY IN/OF SOCIOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Как управлять будущим? Операторы среднего уровня и эксперименты</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>How to Manage the Future? Mid-level Operators and Experiments</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6798-963X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Волкова</surname><given-names>Н. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Volkova</surname><given-names>N. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Волкова Наталия Алексеевна — MA in Sociology (University of Manchester); магистр градостроительства (ВШУ НИУ ВШЭ).</p><p>Алматы; Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Natalia A. Volkova — MA in Sociology (University of Manchester);Master of Urban Development (Vysokovsky Graduate School of Urbanism, Higher School of Economics).</p><p>Almaty; Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">chestrek@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Университет Нархоз; Московская высшая школа социальных и экономических наук</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Narkhoz University; Moscow Higher School of Social and Economic Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>27</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>37</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>47</fpage><lpage>68</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Волкова Н.А., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Волкова Н.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Volkova N.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://socofpower.ranepa.ru/jour/article/view/276">https://socofpower.ranepa.ru/jour/article/view/276</self-uri><abstract><p>Данный текст работает как комментарий к двум публикациям этого номера: статьям Степана Козлова, который вводит концепт «операторов среднего уровня», и Марии Волковой, которая показывает, как этот концепт применим в рамках гоффмановского подхода к описанию групповых стилей. Опираясь на работы Бурдье, Козлов описывает операторов среднего уровня как инструменты управления неопределенностью, но не раскрывает механизмы их воздействия на форму неопределенности. Разделяя предложенный подход, данный текст показывает, как возможно расширить действие предложенного концепта, опираясь на идеи Роберта Мертона и исследований науки и техники (Science and technology studies, STS). Обращение к экспериментальному характеру операторов среднего уровня позволяет рассматривать их как основу для реконцептуализации теорий среднего уровня как инструмента исследований, имеющего не только прикладное, но и концептуальное значение. На примере экспериментов, описанных в STS, представлено действие оператора среднего уровня, если речь идет об ограниченной неопределенности или способах ее ограничения в ходе эксперимента. Анализ российской градостроительной реформы как кейс сложно сконструированного и длительного эксперимента демонстрирует, как выделение оператора среднего уровня, объединяющего разные масштабы изменений, позволяет определить конструирование образа будущего как основное направление действия реформы и механизмы сдерживания изменений, которые приводят к ее затуханию. Таким образом, концепт оператора среднего уровня позволяет сместить акцент социальных исследований на эмпирические кейсы и служит инструментом для формализации их концептуальных возможностей.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This text serves as a commentary on two articles in this issue: Stepan Kozlov’s work, which introduces the concept of “middle-level operators” based on Bourdieu’s texts, and Maria Volkova’s article, which demonstrates the applicability of this concept within a Goffmanian approach to describing group styles. Kozlov describes middle-level operators as tools for managing uncertainty but does not reveal the mechanisms of their impact on the form of uncertainty. Building on this approach, the present text shows how the concept can be extended by drawing on Robert Merton’s ideas and Science and Technology Studies (STS). Examining the experimental nature of middle-level operators enables us to reconceptualize middle-range theories as research tools with both applied and conceptual significance. Drawing on experiments described in STS, the text demonstrates how middle-level operators function under conditions of limited uncertainty and the ways this uncertainty can be constrained during experimentation. The analysis of Russian urban planning reform as a case of complex, long-term experimentation shows how identifying middle-level operators that combine different scales of transformation allows us to recognize the construction of future images as the reform’s primary direction and to identify mechanisms of change restraint that lead to its decline. Thus, the concept of middle-level operators shifts the focus of social research toward empirical cases and serves as a tool for formalizing their conceptual potential.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>градостроительная реформа</kwd><kwd>эксперимент</kwd><kwd>Science and technology studies</kwd><kwd>Роберт Мертон</kwd><kwd>теории среднего уровня</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>urban planning reform</kwd><kwd>experiment</kwd><kwd>science and technology studies</kwd><kwd>Robert Merton</kwd><kwd>middle-range theories</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Айбар Э., Бейкер У. И. (2017) Конструируя город: план Серда по расширению Барселоны. Социология власти, 29 (1), с. 203-232. https://doi.org/10.22394/2074-0492-2017-1-203-232. EDN: YPKVUI</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aibar E., Bijker W. I. 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