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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">socofpower</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Социология власти</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Sociology of Power</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2074-0492</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2413-144X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">CUIMIM</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">socofpower-273</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СТАТЬИ. НЕОПРЕДЕЛЕННОСТЬ (В) СОЦИОЛОГИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ARTICLES. UNCERTAINTY IN/OF SOCIOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Операторы среднего уровня: социология неопределенности как гештальт-теорема</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Middle-Range Operators: The Sociology of Uncertainty as a Gestalt Theorem</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1674-9310</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Козлов</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kozlov</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Козлов Степан Викторович — MA in Sociology, аспирант ИОН РАНХиГС; преподаватель факультета социальных наук МВШСЭН, руководитель Лаборатории исследований социальных изменений Шанинки (ЛИСИ).</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Stepan V. Kozlov — MA in Sociology, graduate student at ISS RANEPA; lecturer of the Social Sciences department of MSSES, head of Laboratory of Social Change Research of Shaninka (LSCR).</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ste.kozlov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Российская академия народного хозяйства и государственной службы; Московская Высшая школа социальных и экономических наук</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration; Moscow School of Social and Economic Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>27</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>37</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>12</fpage><lpage>31</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Козлов С.В., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Козлов С.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kozlov S.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://socofpower.ranepa.ru/jour/article/view/273">https://socofpower.ranepa.ru/jour/article/view/273</self-uri><abstract><p>Статья предлагает концептуализацию операторов среднего уровня — класса социальных объектов, недостаточно проанализированных современной социальной теорией и играющих центральную роль в социологическом теоретизировании неопределенности. Статья эксплицирует проблематичность мышления о неопределенности в современной рефлексивной социологии, обращая внимание на «проблему двух гистерезисов» как один из изъянов словаря теории кризисов Пьера Бурдье. Эта проблема делает невозможным связывание микроуровня и макроуровня социальной реальности применительно к проблеме социальных изменений и предполагает необходимость обращения к периферийным концептуальным ресурсам рефлексивной социологии — «изобретениям», или, используя более общий термин — «операторам среднего уровня». На примере понятия «аксиологических операторов» Жизель Сапиро и исследований «пространственных различений» Натана Марома автор текста демонстрирует, как современная рефлексивная социология описывает понятия и явления, структурно выполняющие функцию операторов среднего уровня в отдельных контекстах, при этом не уделяя внимания более общему описанию этого класса социальных феноменов. Автор статьи обращается к современным дискуссиям о (квази)институциональных предпосылках и эффектах сетей социальных связей и ресурсов на материале дискуссии о гуаньси. В заключительной части описываются ключевые черты операторов среднего уровня и вводится понятие модуляции, которое позволяет обратить внимание на эффекты трансформации и «донастройки» социальных ресурсов, возникающие в ситуациях социальных кризисов и резких трансформаций социальной структуры.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This article proposes a conceptualization of middle-range operators — a class of social phenomena insufficiently described in contemporary social theory yet playing a central role in enabling sociological theorization of uncertainty. The analysis critically examines reflexive sociology’s limitations in addressing uncertainty, particularly the “dual hysteresis problem” in Pierre Bourdieu’s crisis theory, which obstructs linkages between micro- and macro-level social realities in contexts of change. This impasse necessitates recourse to reflexive sociology’s peripheral conceptual tools: “inventions” or, more broadly, middle-range operators. Through case studies of Gisèle Sapiro’s “axiological operators” and Nathan Marom’s “spatial distinctions”, the text demonstrates how contemporary reflexive sociology identifies concepts and phenomena structurally fulfilling middle-range operator functions in specific contexts, while neglecting broader systemic characterization of this social category. To address this gap, the analysis engages with modern debates on (quasi)institutional preconditions and effects of social network dynamics, drawing particularly on guanxi scholarship. The concluding sectionoutlines defining characteristics of middle-range operators and introduces the concept of modulation — a theoretical lens revealing previously overlooked processes of resource transformation and recalibration enacted by social actors during structural crises and rapid societal transformations.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>неопределенность</kwd><kwd>изобретение</kwd><kwd>кризис</kwd><kwd>социальные связи</kwd><kwd>институты</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>uncertainty</kwd><kwd>invention</kwd><kwd>crisis</kwd><kwd>social ties</kwd><kwd>institutions</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Я благодарю Алину Лихачевскую, Марию Волкову и Сабину Балишян за обсуждение черновых версий этого текста, а также участников курса «Социология риска и неопределенности», прочитанного мной в Шанинке весной 2024 года, на котором были сформированы первые гипотезы и идеи, которые легли в основу этой статьи.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бурдье П. 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