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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">socofpower</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Социология власти</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Sociology of Power</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2074-0492</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2413-144X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22394/2074-0492-2020-2-157-182</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">OJYPQZ</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">socofpower-244</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Туманности нейросетей: «черные ящики» технологий и наглядные уроки непрозрачности алгоритмов</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Neural Network Nebulaе: ‘Black Boxes’ of Technologies and Object-Lessons from the Opacities of Algorithms</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0249-5890</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кузнецов</surname><given-names>Андрей Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuznetsov</surname><given-names>Andrei G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат социологических наук, научный сотрудник Центра исследований науки и технологий Европейского университета в Санкт-Петербурге; ординарный доцент Университета ИТМО.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD in Sociology, Research Fellow, STS-Centre, EuropeanUniversity at Saint-Petersburg; Associate Professor, ITMO University. </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">akuznetsov@eu.spb.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Европейский университет в Санкт-Петербурге; Университет ИТМО, Санкт-Петербург, Россия<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">European University at Saint-Petersburg; ITMO University, Russia<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>24</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>32</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>157</fpage><lpage>182</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Кузнецов А.Г., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кузнецов А.Г.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kuznetsov A.G.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://socofpower.ranepa.ru/jour/article/view/244">https://socofpower.ranepa.ru/jour/article/view/244</self-uri><abstract/><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The paper deals with the quandary of the neutrality and transparency of technologies. First, I show how this problem is connected with the image of the opening of 'black boxes' that is pivotal to much of science and technology studies. Second, methodological and socio-political dimensions of the 'black box' metaphor are discussed. Third, I analyze three typical solutions to the problem of the neutrality of technologies outside and inside constructivist technology studies. It is demonstrated that despite their apparent differences, these solutions are similar in their logic of conceptualizing technology as a neutral intermediary. Forth, I look for an alternative to this logic in the actor-network theory of Bruno Latour. Here technologies are conceived in terms of an eventful association of heterogeneous entities irreducible to its conditions of possibility. The construction of technologies is understood as mediation, or as a 'making-do' process where creators are surprised by their creations and vice versa. In Latour's actor-network, technologies are interpreted as opaque and non-neutral entities. Finally, I turn to some object-lessons from smart technologies powered by neural networks to demonstrate that these are empirical vindications of Latour's conception of technical mediation. Particular attention is paid to the opacity and (non)interpretability of machine learning algorithms.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>акторно-сетевая теория</kwd><kwd>ценностная нейтральность технологий</kwd><kwd>«черные ящики»</kwd><kwd>нейросети</kwd><kwd>беспилотные автомобили</kwd><kwd>исследования науки и технологий</kwd><kwd>машинное обучение</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Actor-Network Theory</kwd><kwd>value neutrality of technologies</kwd><kwd>black boxes</kwd><kwd>neural networks</kwd><kwd>machine learning</kwd><kwd>self-driving cars</kwd><kwd>science &amp; technology studies (STS)</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Каллон М. (2015) Некоторые элементы социологии перевода: одомашнивание морских гребешков и рыбаков залива Сен-Бриё. 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