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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">socofpower</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Социология власти</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Sociology of Power</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2074-0492</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2413-144X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22394/2074-0492-2021-3-254-281</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">HECXHG</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">socofpower-188</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Полевые исследования в раннесоветской криминологии (1920-е годы)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Field Research in early Soviet Criminology in the 1920s</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9416-9293</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Погорелов</surname><given-names>Михаил А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pogorelov</surname><given-names>Mikhail A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>историк, сотрудник Музея историиПреображенской психиатрической больницы им. В.А. Гиляровского (Москва), выпускник магистратуры факультета истории НИУ ВШЭ (2014)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>historian, research fellow at the Museum of Preobrazhensky psychiatric hospital in Moscow; graduated from the history departmentof the Higher School of Economicsin Moscow (2014)</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mikhail.alex.pogorelov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Музей истории Преображенской психиатрической больницы имени В.А. Гиляровского, Москва, Россия<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Museum of Preobrazhensky psychiatric hospital, Moscow, Russia<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>24</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>33</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>254</fpage><lpage>281</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Погорелов М.А., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Погорелов М.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Pogorelov M.A.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://socofpower.ranepa.ru/jour/article/view/188">https://socofpower.ranepa.ru/jour/article/view/188</self-uri><abstract><p>В статье рассматриваются полевые исследования в раннесоветской криминологии. Исследования преступности и преступника появляются в Советском Союзе в условиях относительной научной свободы послереволюционного времени и беспрецедентного доступа в пенитенциарные учреждения для ученых. Хотя это исследовательское поле имело междисциплинарный характер и объединяло представителей различных дисциплин и профессий (уголовное право, психиатрия, психология и антропология), «социологическое крыло» (представленное юристами) имело наибольший авторитет и считалось наряду с биомедицинскими исследованиями наиболее перспективным направлением. В то время как криминальная социология традиционно ассоциировалась, прежде всего, со статистикой, советские юристы начинают экспериментировать с социологическими методами и проводить полевые исследования преступности: наблюдение за заключенными в пенитенциарных учреждениях, социально-бытовые исследования, массовые анкетные опросы. Исследователи активно использовали метод неструктурированного интервью и привлекали для изучения автобиографические тексты осужденных. Одним из направлений советской криминологии стало изучение очагов преступности, предполагающее исследование околопреступных сообществ (беспризорные, нищие, ночлежники) в их естественной среде: на городских улицах, рынках, в ночлежных домах, воровских притонах и других криминогенных местах. Обеспокоенные устойчивостью и сплоченностью тюремных субкультур, криминологи, тюремные администраторы, а иногда и сами заключенные занимались изучением внутритюремных сообществ, иерархий, способов социализации и других аспектов жизни за решеткой. Для организации постоянного наблюдения за заключенными и институционализации позиции ученого внутри пенитенциарных учреждений в Москве были организованы опытные тюрьмы: криминологическая клиника и экспериментальнопенитенциарное отделение Государственного института по изучению преступности и преступника. Исследование основано на научных работах, архивных документах и материалах периодической печати.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The paper examines field research methods in early Soviet criminology in the 1920s. The crime and criminality studies flourished in postrevolutionary Russia due to the relative intellectual freedom of the era of NEP and unprecedented access to penitentiaries for researchers. Although this interdisciplinary field of studies brought together scholars from different disciplines and professions (criminal law, psychiatry, psychology, anthropology), the sociological branch (represented by lawyers) was considered the most promising. While criminal sociology was traditionally associated with statistics, Soviet criminologists began experimenting with field research techniques, such as surveys, direct observation, qualitative interviews, and case studies. One of the methods-the study of so called "hotbeds of crime’-was most similar to contemporary understanding of field research: it involved the involvement of a researcher into crime-related communities (homeless, beggars, street children, former criminals) and research on the streets, night shelters, marketplaces or other criminogenic zones. Concerned about criminal subcultures, criminologists and prison administrators were interested in studying the inmate code, processes of prisonization, tattoos and other aspects of prison culture. In order to institutionalize the position of a scientist within the penitentiary system, two "experimental prisons" were organized in Moscow's places of detention: the Criminological Clinic and the Experimental Penitentiary of the State Institute for the Study of Crime and Criminal. The research is based on archival documents, research papers and periodicals.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>полевые исследования</kwd><kwd>раннесоветская криминология</kwd><kwd>преступность</kwd><kwd>история науки</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>field research</kwd><kwd>early Soviet criminology</kwd><kwd>crime</kwd><kwd>methods</kwd><kwd>history of science</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Аккерман В.О. (1927) Криминологическая клиника. Е.К. Краснушкина,</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">DeVault M.L. (2007) Knowledge from the Field. C. Calhoun (ed.) Sociology in America:</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Г.М. Сегал, Ц.М. Фейнберг (ред.) Преступник и преступность. 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(1926) To study the personality of the criminal (About the work of</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">— Frenkel E.P. (1926) To study the personality of the criminal (About the work of</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit166"><label>166</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">the Odessa Cabinet for the study of the personality of the criminal and crime).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">the Odessa Cabinet for the study of the personality of the criminal and crime).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit167"><label>167</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bulletin of Soviet Justice, 2: 64-66. — in Russ.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bulletin of Soviet Justice, 2: 64-66. — in Russ.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit168"><label>168</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Халецкий А.М. 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The study of</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit171"><label>171</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">crime and penitentiary practice. Vol. 4, Odessa: Odessa centralDOPR: 129-146. — inRuss.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">crime and penitentiary practice. Vol. 4, Odessa: Odessa centralDOPR: 129-146. — inRuss.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit172"><label>172</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хроника. Московский кабинет по изучению личности преступника (1925) Еженедельник советской юстиции, 1: 17.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Хроника. Московский кабинет по изучению личности преступника (1925) Еженедельник советской юстиции, 1: 17.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit173"><label>173</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">— Chronicle. Moscow Cabinet for the Study of the Criminal Personality (1925)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">— Chronicle. Moscow Cabinet for the Study of the Criminal Personality (1925)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit174"><label>174</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Soviet Justice Weekly, 1: 17. — in Russ.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Soviet Justice Weekly, 1: 17. — in Russ.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit175"><label>175</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Четыре автобиографии (1927) Изучение преступности и пенитенциарная практика.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Четыре автобиографии (1927) Изучение преступности и пенитенциарная практика.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit176"><label>176</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Вып. 1, Одесса: Одесский центральный ДОПР: 96-117.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Вып. 1, Одесса: Одесский центральный ДОПР: 96-117.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit177"><label>177</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">— Four Autobiographies (1927) The study of crime and penitentiary practice. Vol. 1,</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">— Four Autobiographies (1927) The study of crime and penitentiary practice. Vol. 1,</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit178"><label>178</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Odessa: Odessa сentral DOPR: 96-117. — in Russ.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Odessa: Odessa сentral DOPR: 96-117. — in Russ.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit179"><label>179</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Щеглов А.Л. (1903) Об умственной работоспособности малолетних преступников</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Щеглов А.Л. (1903) Об умственной работоспособности малолетних преступников</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit180"><label>180</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">(Экспериментально-психологические исследования):Диссертация на степень доктора</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">(Экспериментально-психологические исследования):Диссертация на степень доктора</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit181"><label>181</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">медицины, СПб.: Государственная типография.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">медицины, СПб.: Государственная типография.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit182"><label>182</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">— Shcheglov A.L. (1903) On the mental state of juvenile delinquents (Experimental psychological research): Dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Medicine, St. Petersburg: State Printing House. — in Russ.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">— Shcheglov A.L. (1903) On the mental state of juvenile delinquents (Experimental psychological research): Dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Medicine, St. Petersburg: State Printing House. — in Russ.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit183"><label>183</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Эленде (1927) Наши кружки. К новой жизни. Издание Саратовского изолятора, 2: 3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Эленде (1927) Наши кружки. К новой жизни. Издание Саратовского изолятора, 2: 3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit184"><label>184</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">— Elende (1927) Our circles. To a New Life. The Newspaper of the Saratov Prison, 2:</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">— Elende (1927) Our circles. To a New Life. The Newspaper of the Saratov Prison, 2:</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit185"><label>185</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">— in Russ.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">— in Russ.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit186"><label>186</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ФР РГБ — Фонд рукописей Российской государственной библиотеки.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">ФР РГБ — Фонд рукописей Российской государственной библиотеки.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit187"><label>187</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ОР РГБ — Отдел рукописей Российская национальная библиотека.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">ОР РГБ — Отдел рукописей Российская национальная библиотека.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit188"><label>188</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ГАРФ — Государственный архив Российской федерации.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">ГАРФ — Государственный архив Российской федерации.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit189"><label>189</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ОР РНБ (1930) Ф. 448. Оп. 1.Д. 330. Краткая программа социального обследования</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">ОР РНБ (1930) Ф. 448. Оп. 1.Д. 330. Краткая программа социального обследования</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit190"><label>190</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">личности вредителя.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">личности вредителя.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit191"><label>191</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ФР РГБ. Ф. 603. Оп. 1. Д. 1. [Гернет М.Н.] Автобиография.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">ФР РГБ. Ф. 603. Оп. 1. Д. 1. [Гернет М.Н.] Автобиография.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit192"><label>192</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ФР РГБ. Ф. 603. Оп. 3. Д. 18. Материалы по организации Института по изучению</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">ФР РГБ. Ф. 603. Оп. 3. Д. 18. Материалы по организации Института по изучению</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit193"><label>193</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">преступника и преступности.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">преступника и преступности.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit194"><label>194</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ФР РГБ. Ф. 603. Оп. 3. Д. 20. Материалы по созданию Иркутского кабинета по изучению преступности и личности преступника.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">ФР РГБ. Ф. 603. Оп. 3. Д. 20. Материалы по созданию Иркутского кабинета по изучению преступности и личности преступника.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit195"><label>195</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ЦГА Москвы. Ф. 1609. Оп. 7, д. 7. Годовые отчеты по отделениям, библиотекам,</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">ЦГА Москвы. Ф. 1609. Оп. 7, д. 7. Годовые отчеты по отделениям, библиотекам,</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit196"><label>196</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">читальным залам, кабинетам и музею факультета на 1923-1924 учебный год.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">читальным залам, кабинетам и музею факультета на 1923-1924 учебный год.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit197"><label>197</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Л. 12.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Л. 12.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit198"><label>198</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ЦГА Москвы. ф. 1609, оп. 6, д. 64. Отчет о деятельности музея криминологии</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">ЦГА Москвы. ф. 1609, оп. 6, д. 64. Отчет о деятельности музея криминологии</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit199"><label>199</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">и уголовной политики 17 1 1924.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">и уголовной политики 17 1 1924.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit200"><label>200</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ГАРФ. Ф. А-2307. Оп. 2. Д. 199. Отчет о деятельности Психоневрологического института в Москве, об отпуске кредитов для покупки за границей оборудования</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">ГАРФ. Ф. А-2307. Оп. 2. Д. 199. Отчет о деятельности Психоневрологического института в Москве, об отпуске кредитов для покупки за границей оборудования</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit201"><label>201</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">и препаратов (1921).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">и препаратов (1921).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
