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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">socofpower</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Социология власти</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Sociology of Power</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2074-0492</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2413-144X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22394/2074-0492-2021-1-169-192</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">socofpower-161</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Платформы как рынки, архитектуры, экосистемы: обзор основных подходов к изучению интернет-компаний</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Platforms as Markets, Architectures, and Ecosystems: A Review of the Dominant Approaches in the Platform Literature</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0609-8374</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Контарева</surname><given-names>Алина Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kontareva</surname><given-names>Alina Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>PhD Candidate</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD Candidate</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">alina.kontareva@tik.uio.no</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Центр технологий, инноваций и культуры (TIK;, Университет Осло, Норвегия; ; Томский государственный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>University of Oslo; National Research Tomsk State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>24</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>33</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title>Капитализм в XXI веке</issue-title><fpage>169</fpage><lpage>192</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Контарева А.Ю., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Контарева А.Ю.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kontareva A.Y.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://socofpower.ranepa.ru/jour/article/view/161">https://socofpower.ranepa.ru/jour/article/view/161</self-uri><abstract><p>Интернет-платформы (online digital platforms) - это новый тип компаний, чьи операции построены на больших данных. Платформы используют бизнес-модель посредника, объединяя участников стороны спроса и стороны предложения, и извлекают выгоду за счет сетевых эффектов. Сегодня платформы стали ключевыми фирмами капиталистических экономик. Они трансформируют социальную и экономическую жизнь современного общества: структурируют социальные взаимодействия, меняют рынок труда и трудоустройство, определяют практики медиапотребления и производства культуры. Цель настоящей статьи - представить читателю обзор ключевых принципов работы платформенных компаний и платформенной бизнес-модели. Статья основана на работе с обширным списком научной литературы и охватывает три подхода: экономический (теория сетевых рынков), инженерно-технологический и подход стратегического управления. Экономический подход важен для понимания принципов работы платформенной бизнес-модели, природы сетевых эффектов и отличий платформ от до-платформенных бизнесов. Инженернотехнологический подход раскрывает взаимосвязь технологической архитектуры и организационной формы платформ и объясняет, как архитектурные решения способствуют достижению сетевых эффектов. Подход стратегического управления объясняет принципы роста платформенных компаний и учитывает практики интернет-навигации и потребления контента аудиторией пользователей, особенности национального законодательства и технологическое развитие индустрии. Статья делает акцент на инструментарии, пригодном для социально-политического анализа платформ, уделяя особое внимание социально-культурному контексту, в котором они функционируют. Заключение поднимает проблему географического распределения платформенных компаний и связанную с этим неравномерность распределения и накопления капитала. Различия стран в социальном, экономическом и политическом устройствах приводят к тому, что одни становятся производителями, а другие - потребителями платформенных сервисов и продуктов. Анализ географического распределения платформ обозначен в качестве направления для дальнейших исследований.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Online digital platforms are a new type of firm; they are data-driven,software-based companies established in the late 90s due to increaseddigitization and the extensive adoption of the Internet for economic andsocial activities. Platforms are market intermediaries as they mediatetransactions between groups of users and benefit from network effects.Platforms disrupt the conventional organization of firms and industriesand have become key players in capitalist economies. Platforms structuresocial interactions, transform employment and the labor market, anddetermine media consumption and cultural production practices. Thepaper offers a comprehensive theory review covering three approaches:the economic approach (industrial organization of network markets),the technology engineering approach, and the strategic managementapproach. The economic approach explains the nature of network effectsand highlights the differences between network markets and traditionalindustries. The engineering technology approach demonstrates howplatforms can achieve network effects through technological architecture.The strategic management approach explores platform growth strategiesand highlights how a platform firm deals with the external environment that includes user preferences, national regulations, and technologyconvergence. The review focuses on the theoretical instruments mostrelevant for the sociological and political-economic analysis of platforms.The paper concludes with remarks on the uneven geographical distributionof platforms. </p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>платформы</kwd><kwd>экономика платформ</kwd><kwd>платформенная бизнес-модель</kwd><kwd>сетевые эффекты</kwd><kwd>география платформ</kwd><kwd>платформенная стратегия</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>platforms</kwd><kwd>platform economy</kwd><kwd>platform business model</kwd><kwd>network effects</kwd><kwd>platform geography</kwd><kwd>platform strategy</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Срничек Н. (2019) Капитализм платформ, М.: ИД ВШЭ. —Srnicek N. (2017) Platform Capitalism, Cambridge: Theory Redux. .—in Russ.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Срничек Н. 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