<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">socofpower</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Социология власти</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Sociology of Power</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2074-0492</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2413-144X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">JRLACB</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">socofpower-134</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Труд и занятость в сфере сбора и переработки мусора в странах Юго-Восточной Азии (кейсы Вьетнама и Камбоджи)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Labor and Employment in Waste Collection and Recycling in Southeast Asian Countries (The Cases of Vietnam and Cambodia)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3948-720X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Григорьева</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Grigoreva</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Григорьева Нина Валерьевна — к.и.н., доцент. Доцент и заведующая кафедрой исследований Китая, Юго-Восточной и Южной Азии</p><p>Санкт-Петербург </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nina V. Grigoreva — PhD in History. Associate Professor and Head of the Department for Chinese, South and Southeast Asian Studies</p><p>Saint Petersburg </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ngrigoreva@hse.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики»<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">National Research University Higher School of Economics<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>22</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>37</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>62</fpage><lpage>81</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Григорьева Н.В., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Григорьева Н.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Grigoreva N.V.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://socofpower.ranepa.ru/jour/article/view/134">https://socofpower.ranepa.ru/jour/article/view/134</self-uri><abstract><p>В статье представлен анализ материалов о характере труда и специфике занятости в сфере неформальной утилизации твердых бытовых отходов в двух соседних странах Юго-Восточной Азии — Камбодже и Вьетнаме. На основе применения методов качественного анализа первичных и вторичных источников информации показано, что труд в этой сфере относится к категории «периферийной занятости», а его участники — к прекариату, т.е. к группе работников, постоянно занятых временной работой в теневом секторе рынка труда. В изучаемых странах подобный вид занятости имеет гендерную, возрастную, этническую, территориальную специфику и часто является результатом сознательного выбора взрослых участников, предоставляя им независимость от работодателя и определенную свободу в нормировании труда и организации жизни. Осознанная и добровольная маргинализация некоторых участников «мусорного бизнеса» может быть сопоставлена с жизненными стратегиями жителей Зомии: мусорщики всеми способами стараются сохранять свою экономическую и социальную автономию, создавая вне формальной экономики деловые взаимосвязи и самоорганизованные сообщества, а также достаточно легко адаптируясь к изменениям. Несмотря на отсутствие социальных гарантий и стигматизацию, упорство и предприимчивость позволяют некоторым из них преодолеть бедность и приблизиться по уровню доходов к среднему классу за счет перехода к автономным бизнес-проектам. Неформальная занятость в секторе утилизации отходов в странах Юго-Восточной Азии, реализуясь в основном в городах, оказывает глубокое влияние на трансформацию жизни в деревне. Вовлечение в «мусорный бизнес» повысило мобильность некоторых сельских жителей и усилило их связь с городами. Помимо этого, на примере Вьетнама можно видеть, как возникают новые «ремесленные деревни», специализирующиеся на обработке и переработке определенных видов отходов.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article analyzes materials on the nature of labor in the context of informal waste utilization in the two neighboring countries of Southeast Asia — Cambodia and Vietnam. Based on a qualitative analysis of primary and secondary sources, it is shown that this type of labor falls under the category of “peripheral employment” and that its participants form a part of the precariat, i.e. a group of workers permanently engaged in temporary work in the shadow sector of the labor market. In the studied countries, this type of employment has gender, age, ethnic, territorial specificities and often stems from a conscious choice of many adult participants in favour of a degree of independence from the employer and a certain freedom in organizing their work and private life. The voluntary marginalization of some garbage collectors can be compared with the life strategies of Zomia inhabitants: they use every means of getting economic and social autonomy — creating business relationships and self-organized communities outside the formal economy whilst also adapting to changes quite easily. Despite the lack of social guarantees and stigmatization, persistence and entrepreneurial spirit enable some of them to get closer to the middle class in terms of income through autonomous business projects. While informal employment in the waste management sector of Southeast Asian countries occurs mainly in cities, it also deeply affects village life. Involvement in the “waste business” has increased the mobility of many rural residents and their connection to cities. Besides that, the case of Vietnam demonstrates the emergence of new “craft villages” which are specialized on collecting and recycling certain types of waste.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>сбор и переработка отходов</kwd><kwd>неформальная занятость</kwd><kwd>прекариат</kwd><kwd>Юго-Восточная Азия</kwd><kwd>Вьетнам</kwd><kwd>Камбоджа</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>waste collection and recycling</kwd><kwd>informal employment</kwd><kwd>precariat</kwd><kwd>Southeast Asia</kwd><kwd>Vietnam</kwd><kwd>Cambodia</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Романов П.В., Ярская-Смирнова Е.Р. (2009) Мир профессий: пересмотр аналитических перспектив. Социологические исследования, 8, с. 25-35. EDN: KTUKMD</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Romanov P. V., Yarskaya-Smirnova E. R. (2009) The World of Professions: Reconsidering Analytical Perspectives. Sociological research [Sociologicheskie issledovaniya], 8, pp. 25-35. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Agamuthu P., Babel S. (2023) Waste management developments in the last five decades: Asian perspective. Waste Management &amp; Research, 41(12). Р. 1699-1716. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X231199938</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Agamuthu P., Babel S. (2023) Waste management developments in the last five decades: Asian perspective. Waste Management &amp; Research, 41(12). Р. 1699-1716. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X231199938</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Barboza D. (2003) Phnom Penh Journal; Children Scavenge a Life, Of Sorts, in the Garbage. The New York Times, Aug. 25, 2003. (https://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/25/world/phnom-penh-journal-children-scavenge-a-life-of-sortsin-the-garbage.html).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barboza D. (2003) Phnom Penh Journal; Children Scavenge a Life, Of Sorts, in the Garbage. The New York Times, Aug. 25, 2003. (https://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/25/world/phnom-penh-journal-children-scavenge-a-life-of-sortsin-the-garbage.html).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Children’s Work in Cambodia: A Challenge for Growth and Poverty Reduction (2006) UNICEF, Report No. 38005. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/ru/439371468212979928/pdf/380050KH0child1er0p087806l01PUBLIC1.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Children’s Work in Cambodia: A Challenge for Growth and Poverty Reduction (2006) UNICEF, Report No. 38005. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/ru/439371468212979928/pdf/380050KH0child1er0p087806l01PUBLIC1.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cointreau S. (2006) Occupational and Environmental Health Issues of Solid Waste Management: Special Emphasis on Middle and Lower-Income Countries. Urban Papers 2, World Bank, Washington DC https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/679351468143072645/pdf/337790REVISED0up1201PUBLIC1.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cointreau S. (2006) Occupational and Environmental Health Issues of Solid Waste Management: Special Emphasis on Middle and Lower-Income Countries. Urban Papers 2, World Bank, Washington DC https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/679351468143072645/pdf/337790REVISED0up1201PUBLIC1.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Comaroff J., Comaroff J. (2020) After Labor. Critical Historical Studies, 7(1). March: 87- 112. https://doi.org/10.1086/708007</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Comaroff J., Comaroff J. (2020) After Labor. Critical Historical Studies, 7(1). March: 87- 112. https://doi.org/10.1086/708007</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">DiGregorio M. (1994) Urban Harvest: Recycling as a Peasant Industry in Northern Vietnam. Hawaii, East–West Center.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">DiGregorio M. (1994) Urban Harvest: Recycling as a Peasant Industry in Northern Vietnam. Hawaii, East–West Center.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dumpsite pollution and waste pickers struggle in Siem Reap, Cambodia (2022) 2022-05-02 https://ejatlas.org/print/dumpsite-pollution-and-waste-picker-struggles-in-siemreap-cambodia</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dumpsite pollution and waste pickers struggle in Siem Reap, Cambodia (2022) 2022-05-02 https://ejatlas.org/print/dumpsite-pollution-and-waste-picker-struggles-in-siemreap-cambodia</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eitel K. (2023) Recycling infrastructures in Cambodia. Routledge contemporary Southeast Asia series.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eitel K. (2023) Recycling infrastructures in Cambodia. Routledge contemporary Southeast Asia series.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ginn K. (2020) From Scavenger to Filmmaker. https://www.cambodianchildrensfund.org/stories-news/from-scavenger-to-filmmaker, Jan 1st, 2020.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ginn K. (2020) From Scavenger to Filmmaker. https://www.cambodianchildrensfund.org/stories-news/from-scavenger-to-filmmaker, Jan 1st, 2020.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">How European trash illegally ends up in Southeast Asia. https://www.dw.com/en/howeuropean-trash-illegally-ends-up-in-southeast-asia/a-68850068 (дата обращения 20.12.2024)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">How European trash illegally ends up in Southeast Asia. https://www.dw.com/en/howeuropean-trash-illegally-ends-up-in-southeast-asia/a-68850068 (дата обращения 20.12.2024)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Law Report: Cambodia. Waste Pickers in Cambodia. https://globalrec.org/law-report/cambodia/ (дата обращения 20.12.2024)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Law Report: Cambodia. Waste Pickers in Cambodia. https://globalrec.org/law-report/cambodia/ (дата обращения 20.12.2024)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mehra R., Thai T. N. D., Nguyen N. X. N. et al. (1996) Women in waste collection and recycling in Hochiminh City. Population and Environment, 18, pp. 187-199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02208411</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mehra R., Thai T. N. D., Nguyen N. X. N. et al. (1996) Women in waste collection and recycling in Hochiminh City. Population and Environment, 18, pp. 187-199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02208411</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mitchell C. (2008) Altered Landscapes, Altered Livelihoods: The Shifting Experience of Informal Waste Collecting during Hanoi’s Urban Transition. Geoforum, 39(6), pp. 2019-29.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mitchell C. (2008) Altered Landscapes, Altered Livelihoods: The Shifting Experience of Informal Waste Collecting during Hanoi’s Urban Transition. Geoforum, 39(6), pp. 2019-29.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ngo Dао (2001) Waste and informal recycling activities in Hanoi, Vietnam. Third World Planning Review, 23(4), pp. 405-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/twpr.23.4.61966251020431xv</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ngo Dао (2001) Waste and informal recycling activities in Hanoi, Vietnam. Third World Planning Review, 23(4), pp. 405-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/twpr.23.4.61966251020431xv</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nguyen T. N. M. (2018) Waste and Wealth: An Ethnography of Labor, Value, and Morality in a Vietnamese Recycling Economy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nguyen T. N. M. (2018) Waste and Wealth: An Ethnography of Labor, Value, and Morality in a Vietnamese Recycling Economy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Đồng nát ở Hà Nội, những không gian năng động trong đô thị, 2021 (Мусор в Ханое, динамичные пространства в городе) / Nguyễn Thái Huyền (Chủ biên), Lê Thị Thảo Trang, Nguyễn Thị Hải Yến, Nguyễn Thái Hòa, Dương Thị Ngọc Oanh, Nguyễn Thi. Nhà xuất bản: Thông tin và Truyền thông.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Đồng nát ở Hà Nội, những không gian năng động trong đô thị, 2021/ Nguyễn Thái Huyền (Chủ biên), Lê Thị Thảo Trang, Nguyễn Thị Hải Yến, Nguyễn Thái Hòa, Dương Thị Ngọc Oanh, Nguyễn Thi. Nhà xuất bản: Thông tin và Truyền thông.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pearse W. (2010) A Look at Vietnam’s Plastic Craft Villages. Our World, 06.08.2010 https://ourworld.unu.edu/en/a-look-at-vietnams-plastic-craft-villages</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pearse W. (2010) A Look at Vietnam’s Plastic Craft Villages. Our World, 06.08.2010 https://ourworld.unu.edu/en/a-look-at-vietnams-plastic-craft-villages</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McPherson P. (2016) “Hell on earth”: the great urban scandal of family life lived on a rubbish dump. The Guardian, 11 Oct 2016 https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/oct/11/hell-earth-great-urban-scandal-life-rubbish-dump</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McPherson P. (2016) “Hell on earth”: the great urban scandal of family life lived on a rubbish dump. The Guardian, 11 Oct 2016 https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/oct/11/hell-earth-great-urban-scandal-life-rubbish-dump</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Scott J. C. (1998) Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Scott J. C. (1998) Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Scott J. C. (2009) The Art of Not Being Governed: An Anarchist History of Upland Southeast Asia. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Scott J. C. (2009) The Art of Not Being Governed: An Anarchist History of Upland Southeast Asia. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stakeholders discuss raising awareness, promoting role of waste pickers in Vietnam (2024). Tuoi Tre News, 10.03.2024 https://tuoitrenews.vn/news/society/20240310/stakeholders-discuss-raising-awareness-promoting-role-of-waste-pickers-in-vietnam/78688.html</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stakeholders discuss raising awareness, promoting role of waste pickers in Vietnam (2024). Tuoi Tre News, 10.03.2024 https://tuoitrenews.vn/news/society/20240310/stakeholders-discuss-raising-awareness-promoting-role-of-waste-pickers-in-vietnam/78688.html</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Standing Guy (2011) The Precariat: The New Dangerous Class. Bloomsbury Academic.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Standing Guy (2011) The Precariat: The New Dangerous Class. Bloomsbury Academic.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stung Meanchey landfill and waste pickers struggle in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Global Atlas of Environmental Justice https://ejatlas.org/print/stung-meanchey-landfilland-waste-pickers-struggle-in-phnom-penh-cambodia (дата обращения 20.12.2024)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stung Meanchey landfill and waste pickers struggle in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Global Atlas of Environmental Justice https://ejatlas.org/print/stung-meanchey-landfilland-waste-pickers-struggle-in-phnom-penh-cambodia (дата обращения 20.12.2024)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Süss Rebecca A. (2023) Empowering Informal Workers in Urban Waste Management. Cities Alliance, 16 Mar 2023 https://www.citiesalliance.org/newsroom/news/citiesalliance-news/empowering-informal-workers-urban-waste-management</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Süss Rebecca A. (2023) Empowering Informal Workers in Urban Waste Management. Cities Alliance, 16 Mar 2023 https://www.citiesalliance.org/newsroom/news/citiesalliance-news/empowering-informal-workers-urban-waste-management</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">The Countries Polluting The Oceans The Most https://www.statista.com/chart/12211/thecountries-polluting-the-oceans-the-most/ (дата обращения 20.12.2024)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The Countries Polluting The Oceans The Most https://www.statista.com/chart/12211/thecountries-polluting-the-oceans-the-most/ (дата обращения 20.12.2024)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">The gender dimension of informality in waste collection in Vietnam (2024) Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Asia, 20.02.2024 (https://asia.fes.de/news/waste-collection-vietnam.html)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The gender dimension of informality in waste collection in Vietnam (2024) Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Asia, 20.02.2024 (https://asia.fes.de/news/waste-collection-vietnam.html)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Trashing it Out: Waste Management in Asia. Infrastructure Asia https://www.infrastructureasia.org/en/insights/trashing-it-out (дата обращения 20.12.2024)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Trashing it Out: Waste Management in Asia. Infrastructure Asia https://www.infrastructureasia.org/en/insights/trashing-it-out (дата обращения 20.12.2024)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Việt Nam có gần 3 triệu người thu gom, tái chế rác thải phi chính thức (Во Вьетнаме около 3 миллионов жителей занимаются сбором и переработкой отходов в неформальном секторе). VTV online, 04/03/2024 https://vtv.vn/xa-hoi/viet-nam-cogan-3-trieu-nguoi-lam-nghe-ve-chai-dong-nat-20240304170825558.htm</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Việt Nam có gần 3 triệu người thu gom, tái chế rác thải phi chính thức VTV online, 04/03/2024 https://vtv.vn/xa-hoi/viet-nam-cogan-3-trieu-nguoi-lam-nghe-ve-chai-dong-nat-20240304170825558.htm</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Voun Dara (2021) Six landfills set to open in 2022. The Phnom Penh Post, 05 December 2021 (https://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/six-landfills-set-open-2022)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Voun Dara (2021) Six landfills set to open in 2022. The Phnom Penh Post, 05 December 2021 (https://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/six-landfills-set-open-2022)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Waste Management in ASEAN Countries: Summary Report. UNEP, 2017 https://www.unep.org/resources/report/waste-management-asean-countries-summary-report (дата обращения 20.12.2024)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Waste Management in ASEAN Countries: Summary Report. UNEP, 2017 https://www.unep.org/resources/report/waste-management-asean-countries-summary-report (дата обращения 20.12.2024)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Waste Pickers in Vietnam. International Alliance of Waste Pickers https://globalrec.org/law-report/vietnam/ (дата обращения 20.12.2024)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Waste Pickers in Vietnam. International Alliance of Waste Pickers https://globalrec.org/law-report/vietnam/ (дата обращения 20.12.2024)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wu Ka-Ming, Zhang J. (2019) Living with Waste: Becoming “Free” As Waste Pickers in Chinese Cities. China Perspectives, 2 (117), pp. 67-74.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wu Ka-Ming, Zhang J. (2019) Living with Waste: Becoming “Free” As Waste Pickers in Chinese Cities. China Perspectives, 2 (117), pp. 67-74.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
