socofpowerСоциология властиSociology of Power2074-04922413-144XThe Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration10.22394/2074-0492-2023-1-71-92socofpower-120Research ArticleСТАТЬИARTICLESПонятия насилия и мира в феминистской критике войныThe Concepts of Violence and Peace in Feminist Critiques of Warhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0098-3302ЧагановаД. Н.ChaganovaD. N.

Чаганова Дарья Николаевна — аспирантка 2-го курса по направлению обучения «Философия, этика и религиоведение» НИУ ВШЭ (Москва).

Москва

Daria N. Chaganova — postgraduate student of the programme “Philosophy, ethics, religious studies” at HSE University (Moscow).

Moscow

d-chaganova@mail.ruНациональный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики»РоссияNational Research University “Higher School of Economics”Russian Federation2023070220233517192Copyright © Чаганова Д.Н., 20232023Чаганова Д.Н.Chaganova D.N.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://socofpower.ranepa.ru/jour/article/view/120

Статья анализирует характеристики ключевых понятий в феминистской теории мира и конфликтов — мира, конфликта и насилия. Под названием «феминистская критика войны» в данном исследовании обобщаются феминистская теория международных отношений, феминистские исследования мира (feminist peace research), феминистский миротворческий активизм (peace activism) и «обучение в духе мира» (peace education). Автор анализирует аргументы феминистской критики войны, сопоставляя их с базовыми построениями социологии конфликта, а также проекта микро- и макросоциологии американского социолога Р. Коллинза. В статье дается оценка уровня знакомства с феминистской традицией конфликта в отечественной социологии конфликта на дисциплинарном уровне. Вводятся и подробно рассматриваются в феминистской критике войны понятия «гендер», «повседневное насилие» и «мир в позитивном смысле» (positive peace). Гендер рассматривается как социальный и символический конструкт, который встроен в отношения власти в обществе и одновременно формирует их. Последние, в свою очередь, с необходимостью включают различные формы насилия: физического, сексуального, финансового, психологического и социального. Внимание также уделяется расширению феминистской призмы для освещения иных структур маргинализации: расы, класса, сексуальности, состояний физического/ментального здоровья. Из этой перспективы автор реконструирует проблему континуума насилия, поставленную в феминистской критике войны: конфликты глобального и регионального уровня рассматриваются как продолжение многообразных форм повседневного насилия, которые процветают и никак не наказываются в мирное время. Проблематизация «континуума насилия» позволяет рассматривать феминистскую критику войны и социологию конфликта как близкие парадигмы, что выражается в их общей задаче отследить связь повседневных социальных интеракций с глобальными конфликтами. Предполагается, что статья может послужить более плотному интеллектуальному — как концептуальному, так и методологическому — взаимообмену между феминистскими исследованиями мира и конфликтов и социологией конфликта.

The paper reviews the main concepts and methodological approaches of feminist peace and conflict theory. It reproduces and analyzes the arguments of feminist war critique, and critically relates them to the general theoretical assumptions of the sociology of conflict. The following spheres of feminist war critique are considered in their intersection with sociology of conflict: feminist international relations theory, feminist peace research, peace activism, and peace education. Moreover, the paper shows that there is an intellectual intersection of the feminist prism and R. Collins’ project of micro- and macrosociology. It is argued that the level of awareness of the feminist tradition of conflict in Russian social studies is insufficient at the disciplinary level. The concepts of gender, everyday violence, and positive peace are introduced; their roles are investigated in the feminist war critique. Gender is considered a social and symbolic construct that both creates and is created by the social relations of power. Gender inequality in power, in its turn, produces various forms of violence (physical, sexual, financial, psychological, and social). Other structures of marginalization — race, class, sexuality, physical/mental (dis)abilities — are also taken into consideration. The continuity of the different forms of violence, as posed in the feminist war critique, is problematized: global and regional conflicts are seen as an extension of those diverse forms of violence that flourish during everyday social interactions. Thus, through the problematization of the “continuum of violence”, the paper conceptualizes the trend of feminist research (tracing the connection between everyday social interactions and global conflicts) as a common task of conflict sociology. The essay is intended to highlight the potential of both conceptual and methodological interchange between feminist war critique and conflict sociology.

социология конфликтафеминистская критикафеминистская социологияисследования мира и конфликтовконфликтологиянасилиеР. Коллинзconflict sociologyfeminist critiquefeminist sociologypeace and conflict theoryviolencepositive peaceR. CollinsReferencesАлексеева Т. А., Лебедева М. М. (2006) «Женщина-невидимка» в мировой политике: уроки для России. Тикнер Дж. Э. Мировая политика с гендерных позиций. Проблемы и подходы эпохи, наступившей после «холодной войны». Д. И. Полывянный (ред.), М.: Культурная революция: 7–22.Alekseeva T. A., Lebedeva M. M. (2006) “Invisible” Woman in the Global Politics. Tickner J. A. Gender in International Relations. Issues and Approaches in the Post-Cold War Era. D. I. Polyvyanny (ed.), Moscow: Kulturnaya Revolyuсiya Publ: 7–22. — in Russ.Виноградова С. М. (2010) Государство, безопасность, суверенитет: международные отношения в зеркале феминизма. Политическая экспертиза, 6 (4): 53–67.Vinogradova S. M. (2010) State, Security, Sovereignty: International Relations in the Prism of Feminism. Political expertise: POLITEX, 6 (4): 53–67. — in Russ.Волков Ю. Г., Добреньков В. И., Нечипуренко В. Н., Попов А. В. (ред.) (2003) Социология, М.: Гардарики.Volkov Yu.G., Dobren’kov V. I., Nechipurenko V. N., Popov A. V. (eds.) (2003) Sociology, Moscow: Gardariki. — in Russ.Здравомыслов А. Г. (1995) Социология конфликта: Россия на путях преодоления кризиса: Учебное пособие. 2-е изд., М.: Аспект Пресс.Zdravomyslov A. G. (1995). Sociology of Conflict: Russia on its Ways to Ivercome the Crisis. 2nd Ed, Moscow: Aspect-Press. — in Russ.Коллинз Р. (2009) Четыре социологических традиции / Пер В. Россмана, М.: Издательский дом «Территория будущего».Collins R. (2009) Four Sociological Traditions / Trans. By V. Rossman, Moscow: “Territoriya budushchego” Publ. — in Russ.Кутелева А. В. (2022) Множественность феминизма: синтезы локальности и универсальности. Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Политология, 24 (1): 16–24.Kuteleva A. V. (2022) The Multiplicity of feminism: Syntheses of the Local and the Universal. RUDN Journal of Political Science, 24 (1): 16–24. — in Russ.Пронин С. В. (ред.) (1993) Социальные конфликты в современном обществе, М.: Наука.Pronin S. V. (ed.) (1993) Social Conflicts in Modern Society, Moscow: Nauka. — in Russ.Прошанов С. Л. (2008) Социология конфликта в России: История, теория, современность, М.: Издательство ЛКИ.Proshanov S. L. (2008) Sociology of Conflict in Russia: History, Theory, Modernity, Moscow: LKI Publ. — in Russ.Сергунин А. А. (2003) Российская внешнеполитическая мысль: проблемы национальной и международной безопасности, Нижний Новгород: НГЛУ.Sergunin A. A. (2003) Russian Foreign Policy Thought: Problems of National and International Security, Nizhny Novgorod: Nizhny Novgorod State Linguistic University. — in Russ.Соколов С. В. (2001) Социальная конфликтология: Учеб. пособ. для вузов, М.: ЮНИТИ.Sokolov S. V. (2001) Social Conflict Theory: A Guideline for Universities, Moscow: UNITY Publ. — in Russ.Соломатина Е. Н. (2011) Социология конфликта: Учебное пособие для вузов, М.: Академический проект; Альма Матер.Solomatina E. N. (2011) Sociology of Conflict: A Guideline for Universities, Moscow: Academic Project; Alma Mater Publ. — in Russ.Тикнер Дж.Э. (2006) Мировая политика с гендерных позиций. Проблемы и подходы эпохи, наступившей после «холодной войны» / Пер. с англ. Д. И. Полывянного (ред.), М.: Культурная революция.Tickner J. A. (2006) Gender in International Relations. Issues and Approaches in the Post-Cold War Era. D. I. Polyvyanny (ed.), Moscow: Kulturnaya Revolyuсiya Publ. — in Russ.Addams J., Carroll B. A., Fink C. F. (2007) Newer Ideals of Peace, Urbana: University of Illinois Press. First published 1907.Addams J., Carroll B. A., Fink C. F. (2007) Newer Ideals of Peace, Urbana: University of Illinois Press. First published 1907.Allhoff F., Evans N. G., Henschke A. (eds.) (2013) Routledge Handbook of Ethics and War. Just War Theory in the twenty-first century, New York, London: Routledge.Allhoff F., Evans N. G., Henschke A. (eds.) (2013) Routledge Handbook of Ethics and War. Just War Theory in the twenty-first century, New York, London: Routledge.Baligadoo P. D. (2020) Learning for Peace: The Montessori Way. Morgan W. J., Guilherme A. (eds.) Peace and War: Historical, Philosophical, and Anthropological Perspectives, Springer, Palgrave Macmillan: 155–175.Baligadoo P. D. (2020) Learning for Peace: The Montessori Way. Morgan W. J., Guilherme A. (eds.) Peace and War: Historical, Philosophical, and Anthropological Perspectives, Springer, Palgrave Macmillan: 155–175.Chafetz J. S. (1997) Feminist Theory and Sociology: Underutilized Contributions for Mainstream Theory. Annual Review of Sociology, 23: 97–120.Chafetz J. S. (1997) Feminist Theory and Sociology: Underutilized Contributions for Mainstream Theory. Annual Review of Sociology, 23: 97–120.Collins R. (1990) Conflict Theory and the Advance of Macro-historical Sociology. Ritzer G. (ed.) Frontiers of Social Theory: The New Syntheses, Columbia: Columbia University Press: 68–87.Collins R. (1990) Conflict Theory and the Advance of Macro-historical Sociology. Ritzer G. (ed.) Frontiers of Social Theory: The New Syntheses, Columbia: Columbia University Press: 68–87.Confortini C. C. (2012) Intelligent Compassion: Feminist Critical Methodology in the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom // Oxford Studies in Gender and International Relations. Illustrated Edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Confortini C. C. (2012) Intelligent Compassion: Feminist Critical Methodology in the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom // Oxford Studies in Gender and International Relations. Illustrated Edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Confortini C. C. (2010/2017) Feminist Contributions and Challenges to Peace Studies. Denemark R. A., Marlin-Bennett R. (eds.) The International Studies Encyclopedia. URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.47Confortini C. C. (2010/2017) Feminist Contributions and Challenges to Peace Studies. Denemark R. A., Marlin-Bennett R. (eds.) The International Studies Encyclopedia. URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.47El-Bushra J. (2007) Feminism, Gender, and Women’s Peace Activism, Developmentand Change, 38 (1): 131–147.El-Bushra J. (2007) Feminism, Gender, and Women’s Peace Activism, Developmentand Change, 38 (1): 131–147.Enloe C. (2000) Maneuvers: The International Politics of Militarizing Women’s Lives, Berkeley: University of California Press.Enloe C. (2000) Maneuvers: The International Politics of Militarizing Women’s Lives, Berkeley: University of California Press.Enloe C. (2005) What if Patriarchy Is the Big Picture? An Afterword. Mazurana D. E., Raven-Roberts A., Parpart J. L. (eds.) Gender, Conflict, and Peacekeeping, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield: 280–283.Enloe C. (2005) What if Patriarchy Is the Big Picture? An Afterword. Mazurana D. E., Raven-Roberts A., Parpart J. L. (eds.) Gender, Conflict, and Peacekeeping, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield: 280–283.Frazer E., Hutchings K. (2014) Feminism and the Critique of Violence: Negotiating Feminist Political Agency. Journal of Political Ideologies, 19 (2): 143–163.Frazer E., Hutchings K. (2014) Feminism and the Critique of Violence: Negotiating Feminist Political Agency. Journal of Political Ideologies, 19 (2): 143–163.Goldstein J. S. (2001) War and Gender: How Gender Shapes the War System and Vice Versa, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Goldstein J. S. (2001) War and Gender: How Gender Shapes the War System and Vice Versa, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Harding S. (2015) Objectivity and Diversity: Another Logic of Scientific Research, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Harding S. (2015) Objectivity and Diversity: Another Logic of Scientific Research, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Hooper C. (2001) Manly States: Masculinities, International Relations, and Gender Politics, New York: Columbia University Press.Hooper C. (2001) Manly States: Masculinities, International Relations, and Gender Politics, New York: Columbia University Press.Jacoby T. A. (2010) Fighting in Feminine: The Dilemmas of Combat Women in Israel, Sjoberg L., Via S. (eds.) Gender, War, and Militarism. Feminist Perspectives. Foreword by C. Enloe, Praeger: Praeger Security International: 80–91.Jacoby T. A. (2010) Fighting in Feminine: The Dilemmas of Combat Women in Israel, Sjoberg L., Via S. (eds.) Gender, War, and Militarism. Feminist Perspectives. Foreword by C. Enloe, Praeger: Praeger Security International: 80–91.Jenkins T., Reardon B. A. (2007) Gender and Peace: Towards a Gender-Inclusive, Holistic Perspective. Webel C., Galtung J. (eds.) Routledge Handbook of Peace and Conflict Studies, London: Routledge: 209–231.Jenkins T., Reardon B. A. (2007) Gender and Peace: Towards a Gender-Inclusive, Holistic Perspective. Webel C., Galtung J. (eds.) Routledge Handbook of Peace and Conflict Studies, London: Routledge: 209–231.McAfee N. (2018) Feminist Philosophy. Edward N. Zalta E. N. (ed.) The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2018 Edition). URL: https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2018/entries/feminist-philosophy/McAfee N. (2018) Feminist Philosophy. Edward N. Zalta E. N. (ed.) The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2018 Edition). URL: https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2018/entries/feminist-philosophy/Montessori М. М. (1992) Education for Human Development: Understanding Montessori, Oxford: Clio Press.Montessori М. М. (1992) Education for Human Development: Understanding Montessori, Oxford: Clio Press.Morgan W. J., Guilherme A. (eds.) (2020) Peace and War: Historical, Philosophical, and Anthropological Perspectives, Springer, Palgrave Macmillan.Morgan W. J., Guilherme A. (eds.) (2020) Peace and War: Historical, Philosophical, and Anthropological Perspectives, Springer, Palgrave Macmillan.Oakley A. (1972) Sex, Gender and Society, London: Temple Smith.Oakley A. (1972) Sex, Gender and Society, London: Temple Smith.Omar Yu., Badroodien A. (2020) Peace and Violence in Poor Rural Schools in Post-Apartheid South Africa. Morgan W. J., Guilherme A. (eds.) Peace and War: Historical, Philosophical, and Anthropological Perspectives, Springer, Palgrave Macmillan: 175–199.Omar Yu., Badroodien A. (2020) Peace and Violence in Poor Rural Schools in Post-Apartheid South Africa. Morgan W. J., Guilherme A. (eds.) Peace and War: Historical, Philosophical, and Anthropological Perspectives, Springer, Palgrave Macmillan: 175–199.Peach L. J. (1994). An Alternative to Pacifism? Feminism and Just-War Theory. Hypatia, 9(2): 152–172.Peach L. J. (1994). An Alternative to Pacifism? Feminism and Just-War Theory. Hypatia, 9(2): 152–172.Peach L. J. (2005) Is Violence Male? The Law, Gender, and Violence. Waller M. R., Rycenga J. (eds.) Frontline Feminisms: Women. War, and Resistance, New York: Routledge, 58–72.Peach L. J. (2005) Is Violence Male? The Law, Gender, and Violence. Waller M. R., Rycenga J. (eds.) Frontline Feminisms: Women. War, and Resistance, New York: Routledge, 58–72.Pettersen T. (2021) Feminist Care Ethics: Contributions to Peace Theory. Väyrynen T., Parashar S., Feron E., Confortini C. C. (eds.) Routledge Handbook of Feminist Peace Research, New York, London: Routledge: 28–39.Pettersen T. (2021) Feminist Care Ethics: Contributions to Peace Theory. Väyrynen T., Parashar S., Feron E., Confortini C. C. (eds.) Routledge Handbook of Feminist Peace Research, New York, London: Routledge: 28–39.Rhode D. L. (1990) Feminist Critical Theories. Stanford Law Review, 42(3): 617–638.Rhode D. L. (1990) Feminist Critical Theories. Stanford Law Review, 42(3): 617–638.Rosenberg K. E., Howard J. A. (2008) Finding Feminist Sociology: A Review Essay. Signs, 33 (3): 675–696.Rosenberg K. E., Howard J. A. (2008) Finding Feminist Sociology: A Review Essay. Signs, 33 (3): 675–696.Roseneil S. (1995) The Coming of Age of Feminist Sociology: Some Issues of Practice and Theory for the Next Twenty Years. The British Journal of Sociology, 46 (2): 191–205.Roseneil S. (1995) The Coming of Age of Feminist Sociology: Some Issues of Practice and Theory for the Next Twenty Years. The British Journal of Sociology, 46 (2): 191–205.Rössel J., Collins R. (2002). Conflict Theory and Interaction Rituals. The Microfoundations of Conflict Theory. Turner J. H. (ed.) Handbook of Sociological Theory, New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers: 509–532.Rössel J., Collins R. (2002). Conflict Theory and Interaction Rituals. The Microfoundations of Conflict Theory. Turner J. H. (ed.) Handbook of Sociological Theory, New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers: 509–532.Sjoberg L. (2009) Introduction. Sjoberg L. (ed.) Gender and International Security. Feminist Perspectives, London and New York: Routledge.Sjoberg L. (2009) Introduction. Sjoberg L. (ed.) Gender and International Security. Feminist Perspectives, London and New York: Routledge.Sjoberg L. (2013) Gendering Global Conflict: Toward a Feminist Theory of War, New York: Columbia University Press.Sjoberg L. (2013) Gendering Global Conflict: Toward a Feminist Theory of War, New York: Columbia University Press.Sjoberg L., Gentry C. E. (2007) Mothers, Monsters, Whores. Women’s Violence in Global Politics, London & New York: Zed Books.Sjoberg L., Gentry C. E. (2007) Mothers, Monsters, Whores. Women’s Violence in Global Politics, London & New York: Zed Books.Sjoberg L., Gentry C. E. (eds.) (2011) Women, Gender, and Terrorism, Athens & London: The University of Georgia Press.Sjoberg L., Gentry C. E. (eds.) (2011) Women, Gender, and Terrorism, Athens & London: The University of Georgia Press.Sjoberg L., Via S. (eds.) (2010) Gender, War, and Militarism. Feminist Perspectives. Foreword by C. Enloe, Praeger: Praeger Security International.Sjoberg L., Via S. (eds.) (2010) Gender, War, and Militarism. Feminist Perspectives. Foreword by C. Enloe, Praeger: Praeger Security International.Spelman E. (1988) Inessential Woman: Problems of Exclusion in Feminist Thought, Boston: Beacon Press.Spelman E. (1988) Inessential Woman: Problems of Exclusion in Feminist Thought, Boston: Beacon Press.Stacey J., Thorne B. (1985) The Missing Feminist Revolution in Sociology. Social Problems, 32 (4): 301–316.Stacey J., Thorne B. (1985) The Missing Feminist Revolution in Sociology. Social Problems, 32 (4): 301–316.Steans J. (1998) Gender and International Relations: An Introduction, New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Steans J. (1998) Gender and International Relations: An Introduction, New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Tickner J. A. (1995) Introducing Feminist Perspectives into Peace and World Security Courses. Women’s Studies Quarterly, 23(3/4): 48–57.Tickner J. A. (1995) Introducing Feminist Perspectives into Peace and World Security Courses. Women’s Studies Quarterly, 23(3/4): 48–57.Tickner J. A. (1997) You Just Don’t Understand: Troubled Engagement Between Feminists and IR Theorists. International Studies Quarterly, 41 (4): 611–632.Tickner J. A. (1997) You Just Don’t Understand: Troubled Engagement Between Feminists and IR Theorists. International Studies Quarterly, 41 (4): 611–632.Väyrynen T., Parashar S., Feron E., Confortini C. C. (eds.) (2021) Routledge Handbook of Feminist Peace Research, New York, London: Routledge.Väyrynen T., Parashar S., Feron E., Confortini C. C. (eds.) (2021) Routledge Handbook of Feminist Peace Research, New York, London: Routledge.Vergès F. (2022) A Feminist Theory of Violence. A Decolonial Perspective / Trans. by M. Thackway, London: Pluto Press.Vergès F. (2022) A Feminist Theory of Violence. A Decolonial Perspective / Trans. by M. Thackway, London: Pluto Press.Via S. (2010) Gender, Militarism, and Globalization: Soldiers for Hire and Hegemonic Masculinity. Sjoberg L., Via S. (eds.). Gender, War, and Militarism. Feminist Perspectives. Foreword by C. Enloe, Praeger: Praeger Security International.Via S. (2010) Gender, Militarism, and Globalization: Soldiers for Hire and Hegemonic Masculinity. Sjoberg L., Via S. (eds.). Gender, War, and Militarism. Feminist Perspectives. Foreword by C. Enloe, Praeger: Praeger Security International.Waller M. R., Rycenga J. (eds.) (2005) Frontline Feminisms: Women. War, and Resistance, New York: Routledge.Waller M. R., Rycenga J. (eds.) (2005) Frontline Feminisms: Women. War, and Resistance, New York: Routledge.Walzer M. (1977) Just and Unjust Wars. A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations. First edition, New York: Basic Books.Walzer M. (1977) Just and Unjust Wars. A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations. First edition, New York: Basic Books.Warnke G. (2008) Rethinking Sex and Gender Identities. Warnke G. After Identity: Rethinking Race, Sex and Gender, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 153–187.Warnke G. (2008) Rethinking Sex and Gender Identities. Warnke G. After Identity: Rethinking Race, Sex and Gender, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 153–187.Weaver G. M. (2010) Ideologies of Forgetting. Rape in the Vietnam War, New York: University of New York Press.Weaver G. M. (2010) Ideologies of Forgetting. Rape in the Vietnam War, New York: University of New York Press.Weigert K. M. (1990) Experiential Learning and Peace Education: On Visiting Greenham Common Women’s Peace Camp. Peace and Change, 15 (3): 312–330.Weigert K. M. (1990) Experiential Learning and Peace Education: On Visiting Greenham Common Women’s Peace Camp. Peace and Change, 15 (3): 312–330.Wibben A. T., Confrontini C. C., Roohi S., Aharoni S. B., Vastapuu L., Vaittinen T. (2019) Collective Discussion: Piercing-Up Feminist Peace Research. International Political Sociology, 13 (1): 86–107.Wibben A. T., Confrontini C. C., Roohi S., Aharoni S. B., Vastapuu L., Vaittinen T. (2019) Collective Discussion: Piercing-Up Feminist Peace Research. International Political Sociology, 13 (1): 86–107.Witt C. (2011) The Metaphysics of Gender, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Witt C. (2011) The Metaphysics of Gender, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.